Conduct drilling operations, under which a casing diameter will be smaller

In some fields deep within the block are still a lot of oil and gas reserves. For the development of this part of the energy, and therefore the original on the basis of the borehole drilling  cubic boron nitride  oil wells with 5 1/2 bushing diameter is ф123.7mm, if carried out on the basis of  Diamond blade , under which a casing diameter will be smaller, it is bound to the later development of oilfields with to a lot of abrasive wheels  . Therefore, the development of a demand to meet the Daqing oil field drilling, reaming or drilling reaming drill after a slimhole conditions PDC adjustable drill, the development of oil production has a very important value.

PDC impact resistance test methods are mainly heavy weights and pendulum impact shocks France France

During drilling , the drill hole wall and the friction generated between large , uneven bottom of the hole and the residual friction rock flour and other comprehensive factors make the PDC bit additional force by uncertainty , seriously affect the use effect of the use of PDC life. Determine the effect of using PDC PDC diamond layer involves not only the strength , PDC large extent the impact resistance of diamond and  ynthetic diamond  by bonding strength between the direct effects . In use , when the PDC diamond layer shedding occurs , the entire drill will be damaged . Therefore, in order to improve the bonding strength of PDC interface , designed with a variety of interfaces , plane connection PDC PDC  polycrystalline diamond methods of performance testing method and the heavy weights of the impact pendulum impact method , commonly used for the heavy weights of impact method . The business impact resistance test according to the production  Abrasive grinding , the quality of the heavy Tuo , distances to the impact . This paper mainly uses tilting heavy impact energy analyzer Tuo France PDC impact toughness test , explore and study the impact of different interface structure on PDC performance, and through analysis of polycrystalline diamond layer fracture macroscopic morphology investigate the impact of PDC failure mechanism .

Parameters such as loop element quadrilateral has effectively solved the model

Valve working on a variety of loads were analyzed to establish the corresponding mechanical model. Because of its structure and suffered loads more complicated, this article uses a  abrasive wheels  8-node quadrilateral element of the model parameters such as the ring has effectively solved. In order to improve the life of reciprocating pump cone valve, built its structural optimization mathematical model, the objective  grinding wheel  largest integrated stress on the body, including the valve without the impact of constraint conditions, the valve clearance liquid flow rate constraint, size constraints and so on. The non-linear mathematical  Diamond blade  mathematical programming. According to the characteristics of the problem, this paper uses a fast convergence, stability, good sequential quadratic programming model was effectively solved.

Lower life seriously hindered some of Drilling Oil Field

Reciprocating pump reciprocating pump valve is one of the components are easily damaged, their lower life seriously hindered some drilling oil mines, fracturing technology  synthetic diamond powder  and application, so the analysis of reciprocating pump valve the failure mechanism, and thus to optimize the parameters of its structure, the valve further promote research work, improve the life of the valve has an important  Diamond blade . Through the valve mechanism of the failure analysis of the form and, after that, the upper edge of the abrasive wear of the seal root cause spalling bulk material, but not the cause of the failure of the main valve system, valve failure is fatigue wear main mechanism.

When the PDC diamond layer shedding occurs, the entire drill will be damaged

During drilling , the drill hole wall and the friction generated between large , uneven bottom of the hole and the residual friction rock flour and other comprehensive factors make the PDC bit additional force by uncertainty , seriously affect the use effect of the use of PDC life. Determine the effect of using PDC PDC diamond layer involves not only the strength , PDC large extent the impact resistance of  synthetic diamond  substrate by bonding strength between the direct effects . In use , when the PDC diamond layer shedding occurs , the entire drill will be damaged . Therefore, in order to improve the bonding strength of PDC interface , designed with a variety of interfaces , plane connection PDC PDC impact current methods of performance testing method and the heavy weights of the impact abrasive grinding  method , commonly used for the heavy weights of impact method . The business impact resistance test according to the production characteristics, the quality of the heavy Tuo , distances to the impact . This paper mainly uses tilting heavy impact energy analyzer Tuo France PDC impact toughness test , explore and study the impact of different interface structure on PDC performance, and through analysis of polycrystalline diamond layer fracture macroscopic morphology investigate the impact of PDC failure mechanism .

PDC polycrystalline diamond (PCD) layer of impact damage increasing attention has been paid

PDC to determine its impact resistance is the key to good or bad use of effects, one of which reflects the PDC toughness and bond strength, is a comprehensive performance indicators. PDC polycrystalline diamond (PCD) layer of impact damage increasing attention has been paid, PDC products impact resistance can remain stable and continue to synthetic diamond powder  linked to the interests of users, each manufacturer is trying to achieve straight. PDC impact affecting performance of the main factors that can be considered from two aspects: the macro and micro  Diamond blade . In this paper, considering the macro structure, including the diamond / carbide thickness ratio, PDC radius to thickness ratio, diamond / carbide  Abrasive grinding wheel  structure and PDC mounting angle, and use them as the main factors impact resistance PDC to perform simulations and experiments . Application of ANSYS APDL language and different layer thickness ratio H, diameter and thickness T and the typical non-planar interface PDC residual thermal stress simulation and optimization, get all kinds of structures under PDC residual thermal stress magnitude, compared to optimize the PDC.

New PDC coring bit circular contour abandon the traditional knife-wing design

Bit crown design Huaqing oil region to massive sandstone reservoir, ranging from thick mudstone  polycrystalline diamond , sand and wide distribution, thickness, drilling, and no gravel strata belonging to medium hardness, wear and tear with the other principles and other principles of combining cutting crown profile design, the new PDC  cubic boron nitride  contour abandon the traditional knife-wing design, with flat double-arc design, schematic cross section of drill bits PDC cutter contour selection based on  grinding wheel  being drilled lithological features, choose the 13mm diameter composite sheet as the main PDC cutting elements, select the taper of 30 ° of the new tines PDC PDC for the auxiliary.

Difficulty in retaining hole blocking, low pore

Currently, the situ leachable sandstone-type uranium deposits of uranium exploration in China has become the main type deposits. Our situ leachable sandstone-type polycrystalline diamond  exploration areas are mainly located in the north of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins, drilling, construction difficult, the production of the main problems are: (1) rock cores taken low; (2) Drilling Protection blocking difficulties into the hole low; (3) hole accidents; (4) drilling efficiency is low, construction costs are high; (5) eggs conglomerate drilling difficult. "Loose rock coring" and "gravel drilling" is a basin-situ leachable sandstone-type synthetic diamond of two important problems. Thesis topics from the Nuclear Industry Geological Bureau "fifteen" uranium geology research project "situ leachable  cubic boron nitride  uranium deposits loose rock coring technology research and its applications", introduces the author in recent years, "loose rock coring technique research "and" gravel coring technology research, "Some aspects of the research carried out and achieved some results.

Gradually carried out a study PDC bit drilling hard rock, and with the bottom driver made ​​a good effect

Oil and gas drilling industry, rock into soft, medium, hard three categories, a total of 10 indicators can be drilled, drilling in hard-over (5 or more) rock oil and gas drilling has been restricted to the deep development of the technical difficulties . As China's industrialization process accelerated, sustained and mineral resources, security of supply has become a people rich, the country strong and critical national security constraints. For drilling hard rock formations, geological  cutting tools  uses diamond bit drilling and oil and gas drilling industry addition to the traditional method using cone drill bits and diamond drilling, but also gradually got into the hard rock PDC bit carried out research and with bottom drive  abrasive wheels effect. Here will be described separately cone drill bits, diamond drill bits and PDC bits in hard rock drilling Application of the status quo. Two main rock bit tricone rock bit system, shown in Figure 1. Pressure and the rotational force of the drill under the action of gear teeth both  Diamond blade , resulting in a rolling, sliding and shock and vibration effects composite crushed rock, an impact on the rock, crushing and cutting shear, can significantly improve the mechanical drill speed.

Coring drill bit uneven distribution of the cutting surface of the teeth and flutes

Therefore, in the coring process, to ensure diamond cutting teeth rational flow of fluid around to adequately wash and cool the drill bit is very important. Coring drill bit uneven distribution of the cutting  polycrystalline diamond  tooth and the flute, the number of  cubic boron nitride g from a few to a dozen, the jet at the bottom of a very tight space constraints and irregular wall turbulence produces a very complex flow, a method of  synthetic diamond  analysis of this complex flow field distribution is almost impossible, and the flow field of the structure and properties of structural optimization was carried hydraulic drill, improving the basis for cleaning and cooling effect.

Using mathematical statistical method to analyze the PDC cutter force

Coring drill bit is drilling formations, a key tool for core, coring drill merits of the quality will directly affect the quality of coring, core harvest rates and operating costs. Domestic PDC coring drill technology status compared with foreign advanced level there is a big gap, in addition to cutting the material quality of the objective reasons, the lack of scientific design theory and method is a very  abrasive grinding . This article from the PDC cutter force test to start, using mathematical statistical method to analyze the PDC cutter force and lithology, caster angle, the cutting area and the arc length of the relationship, the establishment of PDC coring bit downhole force model; while the PDC coring bit profile  polycrystalline diamond , cloth tooth design methods, downhole flow field analysis methods were studied and discussed; on this basis, in order to force the formation of a  synthetic diamond  for the center to take anti-vortex PDC core bit design methods. Developed three new PDC coring bit in field trials and achieved good results, and its faster core drilling, core harvest rate of 95% or more, has been widely promoted, to obtain a better economic and social benefits.

Deep Exploration costs are normally more expensive drill, drill damage itself caused great economic losses

Deep hard rock drilling about 70% of the time spent on drilling and from the drilling process, the drill once the quality of the accident, will be in the drilling process caused serious losses. Deep Exploration costs are normally more expensive drill, drill damage itself caused great economic losses, the sky is the drill waste a lot of  synthetic diamond powder , identify the cause of the accident to be struggling to replace a suitable replacement drill takes time, these factors delay period, the production plan extension is completed. It can be seen, drill the borehole  Abrasive grinding wheel  is good or bad is very important, in order to reach the drill drill fast, high drilling efficiency purposes, it is necessary to develop efficient, long-life of the drill.

Can be incorporated in a cage inside the atomic electron volatile

Since been found since the fullerene compounds has been rapid development. Currently, the synthesized fullerene carbon cage C atoms majority; However, for those less than fullerenes, due to its high bending geometry , it has a unique electronic properties,  polycrystalline diamond  and physicist attention. experiments confirmed that the cage can be mixed with volatile internal atomic electrons, atoms, or in a cage outside  abrasive wheels , atoms, so that pentagon rule does not meet the independence atypical fullerenes stabilized recently, such as the use of the latter method successfully prepared a new, C atomic ratio less atypical fullerenes, and their structures were  Polycrystalline diamond  biggest feature is adjacent pentagons with Four 8 Cl atoms adsorbed on the two adjacent vertices of the pentagon, and another two Cl atoms adsorbed on the two hexagons - pentagons - hexagon common vertex to form a cage-like structure stable. other hand, has been confirmed experimentally and theoretically, often used to stabilize the same halogen fullerenes.

PDCA cycle consists of four phases

Also known as the Deming Cycle PDCA cycle, is an American quality control expert Deming first proposed, initially for total quality management. PDCA cycle consists of four phases: planning (Plan), execute (Do), check (Check), processing (Act); eight steps: analyze the situation to identify problems, analyze various factors, identify the key factors to  abrasive grinding  , planning, implementation of the action plan to develop, test results, standardization, the legacy of a PDCA cycle to the next question. PDCA cycle can make our way of thinking and working procedures  synthetic diamond powder , systematic, and scientific image, its features are three: Quality management at all levels have a PDCA cycle, the formation of a set of  synthetic diamond , a buckle a ring, mutual restraint, complementary organic whole. In the PDCA cycle, the general said, on a cyclic basis for the next one cycle, the next cycle is a cycle on an implementation and concrete. PDCA cycle as the basic methods of quality management, not only for the whole project, but also to adapt to the entire enterprise and corporate departments, section, team and individuals.

performance appraisal and performance goal setting

Community health status of performance management, performance management Performance management refers to employees, teams or departments conduct and results of evaluation and improvement of the management planning process, refers to the managers and staff at all levels in order to achieve organizational goals to participate in the performance plan formulation, performance coaching communication,  synthetic diamond powder , performance results are applied, performance goals to enhance the sustainable cycle. Performance appraisal is one aspect of performance management, performance appraisal and performance goal setting, performance coaching,  polycrystalline diamond , and application performance management systems constitute the entire process. Community Health performance appraisal in recent years, the national community health performance appraisal very seriously. (Guo Fa [2006] No. 10) further clarified to "improve community health service evaluation system," the researchers of community health service  Abrasive grinding wheel  has greatly improved, the number of published literature is also increasing every year. The country began to community health service institutions to explore the practice of performance appraisal is started in recent years, often in community health services carried out under a comprehensive reform attempts.

Costs or losses may also include the cost of production and non-production costs

Natural human transformation program planning and design process generally reflect maximize efficiency, minimize costs of this basic principle of optimization. Maximize efficiency, minimize costs is essentially a multi-objective optimization problem. Benefits may include a variety of benefits, such as economic and  cubic boron nitride  and social benefits; costs or losses may also include the cost of production and non-production costs associated with this or other objectives, such as environmental pollution losses. The overall design of the spacecraft payload, range, thrust and other indicators parameter synthesis is a typical multi-objective  synthetic diamond . Control engineering control system stable, accurate, and fast time-domain indexes and stable region degrees, the system bandwidth frequency domain characteristics of integrated problem is also a multi-objective  Diamond blade  of engineering design problems. There is also in the national economy and social development and long-term development plan optimization and decision making problems.

After determining a iff each city once the shortest route

TSP is given n cities and distances between cities, each city asked to identify a pass if and only if one of the shortest route. It is a typical combinatorial optimization problem, and its consideration of the optimal solution is exponential. polycrystalline diamond  TSP problem is a NP-hard problem. Based on intelligent optimization algorithm for TSP, is  Diamond blade  hot topic in recent years. However, in the scientific management and economic decision-making in many application areas, there are lots of real-world multi-objective optimization problem. For the traveling salesman problem, in practice often taking multiple targets, such as the shortest distance, shortest and most economical cost,  Abrasive grinding , and many other factors. Often exist between conflicting objectives. How to find multiple targets in a fair and reasonable solution is a more complex problem. This paper focuses on multi-objective genetic algorithm for solving TSP problems were studied.

Did not consider the issue of dynamic extent that these assessment criteria difficult to apply practical

DTSP optimization algorithm proposed assessment criteria, but it did not consider the issue of the degree of dynamic change, making these evaluation criteria difficult to apply practical. Therefore, the dynamic multi-objective TSP dynamic measure of the degree becomes more important. Similarly, the multi-objective TSP problem  synthetic diamond powder  degree of conflict between the goals of a great relationship, and there are experimental results show that the greater the degree of conflict, the more optimal solution, so the degree of conflict between the goals is a  abrasive wheels  optimization algorithm for TSP assessment needs to be considered an important issue. Synthetic diamond for multi-objective optimization problems, there have been some analysis of the relationship between objective methods, but these methods are not applicable to discrete multi-objective TSP. How to measure the extent of the problem and the problem of the dynamic correlation between objectives is a serious problem, its study is of great theoretical significance.

Only a few of the dynamic TSP problem or research objectives for TSP

TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem, abbreviated TSP problem) is a combination of mathematics in an old and difficult problem. Dynamic multi-objective TSP problem is proposed in recent years in the TSP problem developed on the new issues, it has both the characteristics of dynamic optimization problems, problems in the constantly  Polycrystalline diamond ; another characteristic of multi-objective optimization problem is often not  grinding wheel  with multiple compare the merits of the solutions exist, to form a solution space. At present, only some of the dynamic TSP problem or multi-objective TSP problem studied, while the dynamic multi-objective TSP problem of nearly blank stage, has yet to see any concrete solution and experimental results of the paper. So study the dynamic multi-objective TSP problem  Synthetic diamond  solution has great significance. Given the conceptual gap, this paper combined with dynamic multi-objective TSP TSP problem and the problem of the concept, the dynamic multi-objective TSP problem concept. In LKH algorithm, based on the first complete propose a method for dynamic multi-objective TSP problem feasible algorithm, but also in the concept of the problem, the algorithm feasibility algorithm performance and other aspects have made some analysis.

Dynamic multi-objective TSP from mobile computing, mobile communications and other applications proposed a new class of

In the scientific management and economic decision-making in many application areas, there are lots of real-world dynamic multi-objective optimization problem. For the traveling salesman problem (Traveling Salesman Problem, TSP), in practice often taking multiple targets, such as the shortest distance, shortest and most economical cost,  synthetic diamond , and many other factors. Often exist between conflicting objectives. How to find multiple targets in a fair and reasonable solution is a more complex problem. In addition, in real life, a large number of multi-objective optimization problem with real-time, the question of the state change over time. These optimization problems in addition to the nature of multiple targets, but also dynamic. Dynamic  Diamond blade  TSP from mobile computing, mobile  abrasive grinding other applications proposed a new class of Np-hard mathematical model, it belongs to one of the latest evolutionary computation field of study. Dynamic multi-objective TSP and TSP is a dynamic combination of multi-objective TSP, as space communications (ground-, air-and space-based communication between each other) a mathematical model in 2004 for the first time put forward. With the classic TSP, static multi-objective TSP, dynamic single objective TSP compared to more complex dynamic multi-objective TSP, with greater challenge.

Element method in the field of reservoir engineering studies focused on homogeneous

Boundary element method as a new type of numerical methods and numerical methods area (finite difference and finite element method) has obvious advantages, but at present the boundary element method in the field of  synthetic diamond  engineering studies focused on homogeneous oil Tibetan areas. Although some foreign scholars studied using the boundary element  polycrystalline diamond  reservoir seepage problems, but about any shape reservoirs and reservoir exists seepage problem impermeable area study also rare. In this paper, based on previous studies, using the boundary element method impervious area containing complex shapes heterogeneous reservoir seepage problem is studied.

In a static environment, or dynamic environment can be a good solution for TSP problem

TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem) problem, also known traveling salesman problem, traveling salesman problem, is seen in the many applications of a combinatorial optimization problem. This problem can be simply described as: given a weighted graph G, requires a weighted graph G the right to find a cumulative minimum Ham ilton loop. If the TSP problem between the nodes involved in weight, the number of nodes varies over time, can be called dynamic TSP. Dynamic TSP problem can be widely used in  Abrasive grinding , routing, robot control, vehicle routing, mobile computing and other fields. Author based on dynamic characteristics and requirements of the TSP, the 2-OPT algorithm,3-OPT algorithm and genetic algorithm combine to design and implement a solution to the problem of dynamic TSP algorithm. Through the experiment, the algorithm is proved in a static environment, or  Abrasive grinding wheel  can be a good solution for the TSP problem, and high efficiency. Dynamic characteristics and requirements of the TSP TSP problem with dynamic TSP problems are closely linked, and has its own characteristics. Dynamic TSP problems often have the following characteristics and requirements: ① real time. Dynamic TSP problem is changing, costs between nodes, number of nodes varies over time.

Genetic history and characteristics, theoretical research

Through a lot of trial and numerical examples show comparison algorithm, genetic algorithm optimization of some of the difficulties in question has its own characteristics, this  Abrasive grinding wheel  are feasible and effective. Each chapter is organized as follows: The first chapter discusses the genetic algorithm research. Including genetic algorithm development history and characteristics,  Polycrystalline diamond , constraint handling and fitness evaluation and calibration and GA meetings and seminars. Then the application of genetic algorithms described, focusing on the genetic algorithm described in the structure optimization, and pointed out the problems.

Computational Mechanics and modern design important research direction in the field of manufacturing

Structural optimization design can not only reduce the structural weight and material costs, but also to improve the structural strength, stiffness, vibration, buckling stability and other properties, is the design and manufacture of modern computational  synthetic diamond powder  and important research areas. This research consists of two parts: In the study analyzed the basic grinding wheel  of genetic algorithms and  cubic boron nitride recent research on the genetic algorithm based on structural optimization problem for the special nature and requirements of the genetic algorithm made ​​several improvements. In certain types of structural optimization problems apply this improved genetic algorithm.

In order to give decision alternatives, the algorithm must give a satisfactory solution in a relatively short period of time

The TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem, TSP) is a typical combinatorial optimization problem, has become and will continue to be testing the new algorithm hotspot combinatorial optimization problems. In the traditional TSP problem, the city's size and the distance between cities is fixed, but in practice, the size and cost of the problem is often the vector matrix dynamic changes over time, saying such issues as dynamic TSP. In order to give managers the right decision scheme, the algorithm must be based on real-time information in a relatively short period of time given satisfactory solution. Research on such issues, not only for all types of dynamic  cubic boron nitride  optimization  synthetic diamond  a theoretical reference, but also has a wide range of practical value. As an adaptive genetic algorithm for global optimization probabilistic search algorithm, with simple and universal, robust and strong,  Abrasive grinding  and parallelism, etc., has been successfully applied to solve combinatorial optimization problems. In this paper, an improved genetic algorithm to solve TSP problems, the main research work and innovation on the TSP problems were analyzed to establish a mathematical model.

Cubic boron nitride in a nitrogen gas through the vacuum heat treatment is carried

Cubic boron nitride because of its high hardness, high thermal stability and high chemical inertness is widely used as an abrasive, (based on the requirements of different conditions of use, to be treated on its particle surface to serve as a polishing powder,  polycrystalline diamond , grinding paste, polishing liquid and resistant lubricant oil dedicated engine running through the cubic boron nitride in a nitrogen gas, a vacuum heat treatment, Synthetic diamond  different temperature and time hBN into cBN law, for the future in the ultra-fine processing polishing powder, polishing paste, polishing liquid and wear lubricants, engine running dedicated lay the foundation for the application of oil.

Cubic boron nitride (cBN) is a mesh having a diamond-like structure

Boron nitride is typically covalent Ⅲ-V group compound, wherein hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with lamellar graphite-like structure, cubic boron nitride (cBN) is a diamond-like network structure. And, like diamond, cubic  synthetic diamond  is a lot of excellent  cubic boron nitride in a multi-functional materials, its overall performance even more than diamonds. For example, cBN has a wide band gap (6.4 eV) and excellent thermal conductivity, by doping the N-type, P-type semiconductor, chemical stability and inertia between the high and the iron in the infrared to ultraviolet within the translucent so good.

Used in anti-radiation and high pressure high temperature technology

Boron nitride is an excellent, great development potential and broad application prospects of new broadband semiconductor materials. Its crystal structure There are two main forms: sp ~ 2 hybrid structure of hexagonal boron nitride and sp ~ 3 hybrid structure of cubic boron nitride. Hexagonal boron nitride and graphite similar, with good lubricity, thermal conductivity and thermal stability, and is a very good electrical insulating materials. Very suitable for anti-radiation and high pressure high temperature technology. H-BN has been reported that also has high acoustic  polycrystalline diamond and excellent light transmission surface acoustic wave device as a suitable material for the substrate. Cubic boron nitride has a  synthetic diamond powder  (second only to diamond), a small friction coefficient, good thermal conductivity, excellent chemical stability and high temperature oxidation resistance. The c-BN can be used as an ideal tool coating hard. c-BN film also has excellent electrical properties, such as good insulation, wide band gap, as well as the recent discovery of field electron emission characteristics, so that in high temperature, high-power electronic devices, field emission flat panel displays and other new electronic device field has broad application prospects.

Comparison method is used with the CBN had the same kind of lattice structure

Measured using the comparison method of second-order nonlinear susceptibility CBN rates for the first time got CBN second-order nonlinear susceptibility values. We use the comparative method is the use of the cubic boron nitride has the same kind of lattice structure, the crystal surface through the same crystal orientation,  Polycrystalline diamond  susceptibility was known gallium phosphide material as reference material, in Q-switched pulsed laser as a light source for the second-order nonlinear susceptibility CBN rate  grinding wheel . The use of light and the fundamental theory of  cutting tools  relationship with the reference materials can be obtained by comparison of Gallium Phosphide on Gallium Phosphide CBN and second-order nonlinear susceptibility of the proportional relationship.

cBN crystal in the entire visible spectrum and the infrared and ultraviolet spectral range are very transparent

Cubic boron nitride (cBN) crystal is a natural man does not exist in a wide band gap semiconductor material, the band gap of about 6.3eV, with sphalerite structure, macroscopic symmetry of belonging to a group. cBN crystal in the entire visible spectrum and the infrared and ultraviolet spectral range are very transparent. Therefore, cBN as  synthetic diamond powder  crystal material, will be able to make the second harmonic output  synthetic diamond . The second-order nonlinear susceptibility of the crystal is a measure of one kind of important performance parameters of the nonlinear crystal. Currently, there are about yet found any second-order nonlinear susceptibility CBN measurement research reports.

Synthesis of cubic boron nitride crystals are small

Cubic boron nitride and diamond also has similar physical properties, such as wide band gap, high thermal conductivity, low surface such as negative electron affinity, and cubic boron nitride is one of the few known substances in the diamond lattice constant , crystal structure, surface free energy very similar on both crystalline material. Since CBN is having so many advantages artificial crystal materials,  Synthetic diamond  on the nature of the research more and more people's attention. High quality cubic boron nitride crystals synthesized by high temperature and pressure. Since this method is the synthesis of cubic boron nitride crystals are small, about its electrical properties of facing great difficulties, such as semiconductor  cutting tools  measurements, conductivity measurement, piezoelectric and optical characteristics measurement. To obtain these important  abrasive wheels , can only be measured indirectly or simply to get some relatively qualitative result, although to some extent, reflect the nature of the cubic boron nitride, but the measurement data is not accurate in making these properties.

System Functional Materials Synthesis and Characterization of exploratory work done in the field

From the DC arc plasma under the action of boron nitride phase transition, under extreme conditions, the synthesis of carbon-based porous materials, high temperature and high pressure synthesis CN phase material characterization and high pressure in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction studies of three aspects introduced in BCN System functional Materials Synthesis and Characterization of exploratory work done in the field. First reported in less than one standard atmospheric conditions of high temperature plasmas hexagonal boron nitride to cubic boron nitride phase transition model proposed chemical vapor transport  Abrasive grinding  and kinetics of phase transformation mechanisms were discussed semiquantitative . In the DC arc plasma were prepared porous carbon-based materials, its crystalline structure, morphology and surface-active functional groups a complete Polycrystalline diamond of the microstructure explained and surface functional groups of the formation mechanism. High pressure in the synthesis of a CN material characterization of a variety of means to determine the graphite phase quadrature C3N4 CN phase and a possible presence in this study based on the two phase behavior under high pressure, fitted two-phase isothermal equation of state.

Aluminum as binder, sintering at high temperature and pressure conditions, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride sintered body

Adding an appropriate amount of adhesive may be to promote the sintering, reduce the sintering temperature and pressure required, and can improve the performance of the sintered body. Thus, the synthetic binder PCBN plays an important role. In this paper, a certain  Abrasive grinding  titanium nitride, cobalt and aluminum as a binder, sintering at high temperature and pressure conditions, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride sintered body, the sintering pressure is 5Gpa, the sintering  polycrystalline diamond  range of 1250 ℃ -1650 ℃, the obtained sintered samples were ground and polished observed and analyzed by SEM microstructure of the sintered body, combined with XRD analysis to analyze the sintering mechanism, sintered hardness test.

Wear resistance has a strong directivity, the application is limited

Cubic boron nitride (referred to as CBN) is developed out of the mid-fifties superhard material hardness only to diamond, it has a high hardness, high thermal stability and high chemical inertness, but its hardness, wear resistance, which are highly directionality of application is limited. To compensate for the lack of a single crystal cubic boron nitride, the relevant researchers developed in the seventies  cubic boron nitride cubic boron nitride (referred to as PCBN), which not only has a single crystal of cubic boron nitride of high hardness, high wear resistance, etc. while   polycrystalline diamond of its anisotropy. Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride in accordance with the cubic boron nitride particles and a binder composed of a certain percentage of the sintering temperature and pressure conditions.

Found on the individual samples with a static phase delay, the phase delay generated for static analyzes

In experiments using a continuous-wave diode laser at 650nm cBN crystal transverse electro-optical modulator is implemented through the resulting transverse electro-optic modulator half-wave voltage calculated the linear electro-optic crystal cBN tensor and second-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor . Since experiments on  Diamond blade  samples found in the static phase delay, phase delay of the generation of static analyzes, and  Abrasive grinding wheel  derivation and calculation, we propose a static phase delay compensation convenient way. In the realization of a transverse electro-optical modulation, the authors examined how the use of tiny size chip octahedral cBN crystal probe applied to the IC as an external electro-optical detection techniques.

To overcome the current lack of large-size single crystal cBN difficulties caused by the investigator

CBN linear electro-optic effect and ultraviolet effects research process and findings. First, two aspects of the theory are described, followed by combining the characteristics of the material itself gives a detailed experimental program, and the experimental  Diamond blade  the main narrative, and finally combined with theoretical analysis of the experimental results. In this thesis, to overcome the current lack of large-size single crystal cBN  synthetic diamond  caused by the investigator, according to the tiny size of the actual shape of cBN crystal devised a cBN crystal tiny considering the size and shape of the octahedral sheet electrode device, in the classic transverse electro-optical modulator based on the structure of the modulator made ​​some adjustments.

Larger band gap, high working temperature

Cubic boron nitride is a synthetic wide band gap semiconductor material, the band gap of 6.4eV, cutoff wavelength of 193nm, suitable for DUV-blind detection. And other materials for UV detection compared with the following advantages: greater band gap, high working temperature; dielectric constant is small, parasitic capacitance, the device fast response; corrosion resistance, high-energy particle radiation, more suitable work in harsh environments; and material breakdown voltage. In addition,  Abrasive grinding wheel  current ultraviolet detector mechanism and structure of the work that the MSM photovoltaic and photoconductive structure type, PN junction, PIN junction compared to advantage. It is the dark current, short response time,  cubic boron nitride , structure process is relatively simple, the material requirements are not demanding. This thesis MSM coplanar electrode structure, by evaporation, photolithography, such peeling of the structure of the sample production process, and the substrate material used in accordance with, the electrode structure produced a variety of different samples, including a glass substrate is substrate as a substrate in a simple mosaic powder samples and to mosaic powder as substrate interdigitated structure sample.

Easily peeled off from the substrate, especially compared to the environment when the film when wet

Because of its unique properties and broad application prospects, cubic boron nitride (cubicboronnitride, cBN) thin films have been functional materials is a hot research field. Currently cubic content (85%) of the boron nitride film by a variety of methods have been in the preparation of certain parameters obtained under the conditions. However, the resulting film generally has a very high stress, the thickness exceeds a specified value (about 300nm) a film is easily peeled off from the substrate, especially when the film when wet than their environment. However, in order to realize its practical application, the film thickness tends to be  Synthetic diamond , No.2 find the above 1μm. Therefore, if you can try a wide range of experimental parameters cubic boron nitride growth, will help select the appropriate  synthetic diamond powder , the thickness was prepared to meet the requirements, application-oriented film. Active self-bias-assisted RF magnetron sputtering target hexagonal boron nitride film was prepared in the working gas were investigated in nitrogen content of the substrate bias voltage and temperature on growth of cubic boron nitride. And reported for cubic boron nitride growth resulting experimental parameter range.

The cubic boron nitride particles and a binder composed of certain proportion

Single crystal cubic boron nitride having a high hardness, high wear resistance, etc., while overcoming the deficiencies of its anisotropy. Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride in accordance with the cubic boron nitride particles and a binder composed of a certain percentage of the sintered under high  cutting tools  and pressure, adding an  abrasive wheels  amount of the adhesive may be to promote the sintering, reduce the sintering temperature and pressure required and can improve the performance of the sintered body. Thus, the synthetic binder PCBN plays an important role. With a  Synthetic diamond  of titanium nitride, cobalt, aluminum as a binder, sintering at high temperature and pressure conditions, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride sintered body, the sintering pressure is 5Gpa, the sintering temperature range of 1250 ℃ -1650 ℃, the obtained sintered body samples polishing.

In order to obtain a good crystal, crystals of a different nature, usually choose different additives

During the preparation of the material often used additives. Its purpose is to change the material sometimes certain characteristics, such as improving the mechanical strength of the crystal to change the color of the crystal, to obtain different crystalline forms, etc.; sometimes synthetic materials in order to promote,  synthetic diamond powder  the temperature of the synthesis pressure. In the high-pressure synthesis, the additive has a special and important role. Proper use of the additive material will  Abrasive grinding wheel successful synthesis of the basic guarantee, because the extreme pressure conditions used is limited. In the synthesis of cubic boron nitride in order to obtain a good crystal, crystals of a different nature, usually choose different additives. Among them, the most commonly used, but also the most important are those which promote the synthesis of additive material.

Majority of elemental metal or alloy which is difficult to effectively wetting and bonding

However, diamond is non-metallic material, which metal (or alloy) between strength, hardness, elastic modulus, and other aspects of the structure there is a big difference, especially the interfacial energy between the two so high that the vast most  polycrystalline diamond  metal or alloy which is difficult to effectively wetting and adhesion of diamond particles, the bonding is weak, limiting its scope of application. Therefore, the study of diamond and bond issues interfacial  Diamond blade  the metal and composite mechanism has a special significance. Given the current  abrasive wheels  polycrystalline diamond composite research status and problems to Hunan Provincial Natural Science Fund Project "polycrystalline diamond composite interface and composite Mechanism" (Project No. 00JJY2044) relying on the guidance of instructors and launched on the basis of previous work of this thesis.

Ultrasonic machining progressive development in recent decades and application of a new processing method

Ultrasonic machining is the progressive development and application in recent decades, a new processing method, not only can be processed carbide, hardened steel and other hard and brittle metal material, and is more suitable for the semiconductor and non-conductive non-metallic brittle materials (such as diamond , semiconductor silicon, germanium films and ceramics, glass, etc.). use of ultrasonic vibration processing method for processing polycrystalline diamond wire drawing die has been recognized by domestic and foreign experts and scholars, in the process to the tool along with regular, controlled ultrasonic frequency vibration, thus driving the abrasive slurry material to be processed surface of the impact, so as to achieve the purpose of removing material, the effect of ultrasonic machining tools and depends largely on the merits of the relative trajectory drawing die is reasonable in the processing tool during the machining surface should be uniform processing path and achieve good coverage. trajectory of processing and computer simulation on the basis of the processing parameters can be optimized to improve processing efficiency and facilitate the rational use of processing equipment, for mechanical further optimization of the structure to provide effective guidance.

The polycrystalline diamond drawing die hole designed as a "straight"

Under normal circumstances the polycrystalline diamond drawing die hole designed as a "straight", the hole is divided into six regions, namely the entrance area, lubrication area, work area, sizing area, inverted cone zones, export zone, the hole structure shown in Figure 1.  abrasive grinding  diamond wire drawing die hole structure diagram Currently, there are based on one-dimensional axisymmetric statics to analyze polycrystalline diamond and metal wire force status are  Diamond blade . But in the actual drawing process, because the wire drawing die of the subject of the role of cell walls in the direction of the non-uniform three-dimensional plastic  cutting tools  of the wire within the radial flow and shear strain exists, this will inevitably result in cross-section distortion, so that the internal stress distribution was uneven. Simple one-dimensional axial static analysis does not reflect the polycrystalline diamond wire drawing dies and the force between the actual situation. In order to analyze the process of drawing wire in the internal tensile stress suffered and suffered polycrystalline diamond wire drawing die hole is equivalent to the actual state of stress.

Mold manufacturing technology is a special technique

There superhard polycrystalline diamond drawing die wear characteristics, drawing life over Carbide drawing dies 200 times more than natural diamond drawing die life is 5 times more. This kind of mold manufacturing technology is of special techniques,  synthetic diamond powder  great  cutting tools  to its research and development. Drawing drawing die is an important tool for a variety of metal wire, in order to obtain stable speed of pulling wire of precise dimensions and surface quality, the drawing die without quality can not be realized.

Polycrystalline diamond tools EDM technology

It is the participating countries and scale of the impact is one of the larger international invention exhibition. By the National Science and Technology Commission and the National Federation of Trade Unions delegation to China Association of  polycrystalline diamond  in the name for the first time invited to participate in April 19, 1985 to 28 in Geneva, Switzerland at the 13th World Exhibition of new invention . The country participating nineteen invention is SSTC with a positive, cautious,  cutting tools  approach, through access to the world after the patent literature carefully selected. Nineteen projects in three is to obtain the National Invention Award projects,  grinding wheel  "polycrystalline diamond tools EDM technology" in 1984 won the National Invention Award second.

Synthetic polycrystalline diamond or diamond impregnated cutting tools working layer

Inlaid with diamonds or their products as a cutting tool drill bit. Usually consists of large particles of diamond, synthetic diamond composite sheet, synthetic  Abrasive grinding wheel  diamond or diamond impregnated cutting tools working layer, the carcass and the bit body consists of three parts. Composite films for cutting tools, they can be directly  cutting tools  prior inserts welded drill bit body. In order to facilitate fluid flow in a variety of shapes bit face to open the outlet and sink. Table  Synthetic diamond  diamond drill diamond drill classified in many ways, can be divided according to the type of diamond natural diamond drill bits, diamond drill bits, polycrystalline diamond drill bits, PDC drill;

Polycrystalline diamond carbide high wear resistance than

In polycrystalline diamond or polycrystalline diamond compact drill bit as cutting tools. It was in the 1980s emergence of new drill bit. Since polycrystalline  Diamond blade  high wear resistance than one to two orders of magnitude, than the natural diamond abrasion  cubic boron nitride  even higher, expanding the use of cutting broken in oil drilling, geological exploration core drilling to get application, has a very broad prospects.

Consider the workpiece material to match the mechanical properties, physical properties, chemical properties, but also requires a good economy

Depending on the tool material processing conditions, a reasonable choice is to design, manufacture and use of those tools is an important task. Tool material selection relies mainly on knowledge and experience, in addition to considering the workpiece material to match the mechanical properties, physical properties, chemical properties, but also requires a good economy. Over the years, foreign companies have  abrasive wheels  tool material is the main mode of trial cut method and the reference manuals and tools catalogs. With the application of computer technology, people began to select the database by cutting tool material. Select a suitable tool material knowledge representation, common rules or framework requires huge  synthetic diamond powder  and inference mechanism with suitable support, and to enable a comprehensive reflection of both tool materials with a variety of performance indicators to be workpiece material properties matching is very difficult. CBR is the latest development of artificial intelligence, with convenient access to knowledge, knowledge maintenance is simple, efficient and  Polycrystalline diamond to the quality and other advantages. CBR CBR advantage and its decision-making process is a field of artificial intelligence research hotspot in recent years, it is through modify the previous problem solving similar to solve new problems, such reasoning due to people's way of solving the problem.

Application of high speed cutting technology will significantly improve production efficiency and process quality and reduce costs

Promote the use of high-speed cutting technology will significantly improve production efficiency and process quality and reduce costs. High-speed cutting technology development and application of tools and tool depends on technological advances, including advances in tool materials play a decisive role. Research shows that high-speed cutting, with the increase in cutting speed, cutting force is reduced, cutting  polycrystalline diamond  high, reaches a certain value increased gradually slow down. The main reason causing damage to the tool is cutting force and cutting temperature under mechanical friction, adhesion, chemical wear, chipping,  grinding wheel  plastic deformation wear and tear, so high-speed cutting tool material is the most important requirement for high temperatures mechanical properties, thermal physical properties, anti-blocking properties, chemical stability (oxidation, diffusion, solubility, etc.) and thermal shock resistance and resistance to cracking performance coatings.

A combination of CNC tool material selection expert system

In recent years, people have done a lot in the development of expert systems work, the establishment of a number of practical value system. Most of the traditional expert system based on rule-based reasoning (RBR) mechanism, also known as the production system, its manifestations single, easy to understand, it is more widely used method of knowledge representation, but it also has many disadvantages, such as the rule is difficult to obtain many of knowledge is difficult to express,  abrasive grinding  is low, the lack of flexibility reasoning. Case-based reasoning (CBR), also known as YuanLi reasoning, is accessed via the Knowledge Base for solving similar problems in the past so as to solve the current problems, a mode of  grinding wheel . Unlike CBR RBR, it can search through a similar cases and quickly solve the problem of the solution, without the need to do a series of the same  Diamond blade  reasoning. In this paper, the characteristics of CNC tool material selection, proposes a combination of CBR and RBR CNC tool material selection expert system, using CBR to improve the traditional production system, improve the efficiency of its reasoning. The basic framework of the system and put forward since RTH Chi combines CBR and RBR mode hybrid reasoning on this aspect of the growing number of research and application.

Machinery manufacturing tool is basically used for cutting

Machinery used for cutting tools, also known as cutting tools. Due to mechanical manufacturing tool is basically used for cutting metal materials, so the tool generally refers only to metal cutting tools. There are many tools classification methods, but with the following  Polycrystalline diamond  was more prevalent in the factory. (1) Cutter. Such tools have a common characteristic, that is one of only a single  cubic boron nitride  cutting knife blade knives, including tools (including Form Tool), planer, insert knives. (2) Hole Cutter. There are twist drill, reamers, countersinks, reamers, center drill, deep hole drilling and boring knives. (3) milling. Classification many many varieties.

Reduce cutting forces and reduce the cutting heat

Reasonable choice of turning geometric parameters (1) the role of the anterior horn and options: a) The role of the anterior horn: the former makes turning sharp angle increases, reduce the cutting distortion, reduce the chip and rake face friction and  cubic boron nitride  forces and reduce cutting heat. Effect turning the strength properties and heat stress conditions. Affect the quality of the machined surface. 2) the rake angle of choice: the tool strength permit conditions, use a large rake angle.  Diamond blade  to the workpiece material, tool material, processing properties selection. Workpiece material soft, rake angle should be bigger; workpiece material hard, rake angle should be smaller; cars brittle materials, rake angle should be smaller; cars plastic material, rake angle should be bigger.

The high-speed steel and carbide. In high-speed steel tool material

Difficult to cut materials used in the manufacture of the tool material, generally used in  cubic boron nitride  and carbide. In high-speed steel tool as tool material is mainly cutter, drill, tap and pull knives. Their types, characteristics and grades of  Diamond blade are shown in Table 9-37, Table 9-38, carbide used for turning, end mills and so on. When the choice of turning carbide grades are shown in Table 9-39. Milling, should be used as fine-grained or fine grain YS2 (YG10H), YMO53 (YH3) Carbide. Drill drilling superalloys, steel bonded carbide should be used.

Requirements Tool can withstand high mechanical shock

Tool material performance and quality are different. Its cutting a big difference. With the continuous development of science and technology, requiring mechanical parts with high strength, high hardness, high precision, high wear resistance, high heat resistance. Therefore, the required cutting tool capable of turning, milling, boring (hinge) and grind a variety of cutting at the same time; also requires  abrasive grinding  of withstanding high mechanical shock (intermittent cutting) and thermal shock (higher cutting temperature). Alumina ceramic tool the emergence and development. The cutting ability and level to a new height. Pure alumina ceramic tool is an early use of ceramic knives. As the tool brittleness and low  Diamond blade  inhomogeneity problems, and users of the ceramic tool materials lack the necessary understanding. Use is restricted. With modern machinery industry. Appeared in the pure alumina ceramic material foundation. Add other ingredients constituting the surface or in the form of a solid solution in the matrix among the ceramic, and Al2O3-based composite products to be reinforced ceramic. It compensates for the lack of pure Al2O3 ceramics. Thereby enhancing the ceramic cutting tool material performance and durability of the tool.

Cutting depth is easy to control, easy to be recycled pavement old materials

Leveling pavement milling in industrial countries since the past 20 years of development of a new mechanized asphalt concrete pavement maintenance equipment with production speed, high efficiency, easy to control the depth of cut, pavement recycling old material easy, convenient operation, reducing labor strength and other  polycrystalline diamond , mainly used to eliminate road pro package, wave, web crack, ruts, potholes and overlay wear layer, improve the road roughness operations, widely used in urban local repair roads and highway maintenance large area quickly. In China, with the acceleration of urban road construction and highway  synthetic diamond  mileage rapid extension of mechanized road surface maintenance problem has attracted widespread attention, is to strengthen the promotion of advanced technology and maintenance. Leveling the road milling technology popularization and application, due to the milling depth, hard pavement materials, milling power consumption and other reasons, often early Zhu Xiao milling cutter and so on.

Tool along with shock and vibration, temperature fluctuations caused by cutting

Metal cutting process, cutting tool parts at high temperatures under a lot of cutting force and intense friction. In intermittent cutting work, accompanied by shock and vibration,  cubic boron nitride  fluctuations caused by the cutting. Thus, cutting tool material should have a high hardness and high wear resistance, sufficient strength and toughness, high heat resistance. Tool materials at room temperature generally should have a  grinding wheel  of 60HRC or more. The higher the hardness the better wear resistance, but the impact toughness is reduced relatively. Therefore, the required tool material while maintaining sufficient strength and toughness conditions, as a high hardness and wear resistance.

Cutting should have several

Turning tool life and productivity depend on cutting tool materials. Which cutting should have the following aspects : 1. Chilled resistance: a hardness at room temperature, also known as abrasion resistance. 2 hot hardness: cutting temperatures can still  Diamond blade  the required hardness. High temperatures has the highest hardness value is called the "red hot hardness." 3 tenacity: cutting parts of the material should have sufficient strength and toughness to withstand the vibrations  polycrystalline diamond  the cutting and impact. Tool material "nature" are interrelated. Such as chilled and hot hardness higher material, its tenacity may be poor;

Developed countries have successfully applied the technique of high-precision machining of the surface of the microstructure

Micro-structure of the surface because of its specific properties, such as optical characteristics, adhesion, friction, lubrication, wear resistance, etc., in the field of civil and military industry has a very broad application background. FTS-based ultra-precision machining technology because of its high frequency response, high positioning accuracy and other characteristics, has become a  Polycrystalline diamond  surface machining a mainstream technology. Currently, the application of this technology has been successfully developed to a high-precision machining of the surface microstructure, and industrial applications has been achieved. China the technology is still in its infancy, one of the key  Diamond blade  technologies not yet fully mastered, processing quality compared with other countries there is a certain gap. Based on this, this paper, based on micro-structured  abrasive wheels  machining FTS key underlying technologies were studied. Good tool path is to obtain high-quality micro-structured surface of the premise. FTS machining using micro-structured surface, the micro-structure of the surface morphology is determined by the spindle rotation, X to the slide plate and FTS common interpolation is made, which is the process of turning the conventional surface topography formed in different ways, so need to use special tool trajectory generation strategy, and because FTS travel is limited, and can not be directly processed substantially non-rotational symmetry value micro structured surfaces.

Radome is made of hard and brittle materials large complex surface thin-walled parts

Radome is made of hard and brittle materials large complex surface thin-walled parts, which protect the antenna from any form of injury should also have good transmission characteristics of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic transmission characteristics depending on the radome electrical schematic internal profile grinding thickness indicators, electric thickness smaller the error, the radome  Diamond blade  characteristics of electromagnetic waves as possible. Uniformity of dielectric constant and the thickness of the cover wall geometry processing precision thickness error affecting the electrical direct factor. In fact, by the molding process radome level of restrictions, there is inevitably dispersed  polycrystalline diamond , making radome half after finishing the electrical thickness of the precision index is still below standard, precision grinding tools need to change its geometry thickness distribution, to compensate for  grinding wheel  of the dielectric constant, in order to ensure full cover thickness distribution of the electrical design requirements. Since semi-finishing radome aerodynamic outline requirements have been met, in order to maintain the shape of the outer profile, can only be precise radome inner grinding.

Virtual machine control processing technology is exponential mapping in a virtual environment

Virtual machine control processing technology is exponential mapping in a virtual environment, which combines manufacturing technology, CNC theories, computer-aided design (CAD), computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and modeling and simulation  synthetic diamond powder . People can intuitively perceive computer-generated three-dimensional simulation model of the virtual environment, the virtual machining process for product design for manufacturability analysis provides critical data. In the actual machining process in order to verify the correctness of NC code that need to be repeated until the confirmation trial cutting CNC machining code to complete the scheduled tasks while machining parameters requires ,these operations are not only inefficient, taking up the machine resources, and may lead to tool collision or interference issues caused economic losses.  abrasive grinding  process can save resources and avoid risk. Its advantage is also reflected through the realistic simulation of machining processes to quickly act on the machine operator training, can also help the machine manufacturer to potential clients remotely realistic presentation of their products. The use of technology can shorten the product development cycle, reduce production costs, improve product quality and production efficiency. With the advancement of science and technology, virtual processing will play its part in a virtual manufacturing sector a greater role.

Tool posture, tool path generation and tool implementation are discussed swept volume

Simulation processing technology integrated use of computer technology, graphics and video technology, multimedia technology, software engineering, information processing,  Polycrystalline diamond  technology and other fields of knowledge, is a new high-tech technologies. It reduce losses, save money, shorten development cycles, improve product quality and production efficiency has played a major role. This full advantage of differential geometry surface characteristics of the several types of five-axis CNC  Synthetic diamond  center structure and characteristics of the tool posture, tool path generation and tool swept volume achieved are  Diamond blade . And thus developed a three-dimensional simulation system processing environment, where equipment unit as a first class dual turntable five-axis CNC machining center simulation. The system has been rough for rotator discrete processing, five-axis NC machining on the tool posture, tool path generation and rough material removal are described in detail, the system drive in the cutter location file to run.

These guidelines by similarity classification family return freeform piece

Freeform tool path generation is the most important part of CNC machining is also the most widely studied in-depth content. In the free-form surface multi-axis NC machining, tool path will  polycrystalline diamond  the machining precision and efficiency. Paper, based on the value of the curvature and fuzzy C partition Combination of free-form surfaces slice algorithm, using this algorithm, the nature of the surface is  abrasive grinding  several different surface patches, according to the similarity of these guidelines will go free patch ethnic classification, clustering patch group, according to the characteristics of different shapes using a suitable piece domain tool path  abrasive wheels  method to generate tool paths for processing. This paper presents a method for biasing critical areas (happened undercut region) boundary line and generate tool paths for processing, the idea is this: When a concave area on freeform minimum radius of curvature than the selected tool radius hours, it will had a partial cut.

The main overall impeller hub surface machining toolpath planning method

Integral impeller parts in the aerospace, utilities, shipbuilding industry has a wide range of uses, is the core of aviation engine parts, in the field of defense industry occupies an important position. Integral impeller is a typical complex parts, usually 5-axis NC machining method its processing, processing interference crash in serious condition. The processing area can be divided into leaf surfaces, bevel surfaces, and the hub surface. More current research as well as efficient  Diamond blade  surface finish, etc., and the hub surfaces, and surface processing methods chamfering little research. I mainly study the overall impeller hub surface machining  polycrystalline diamond  method. Overall impeller hub surfaces are a special class of surfaces, and its unique position in that it has two surfaces to determine the boundaries as constraints, and the impeller surface and perpendicular to the axis of symmetry line of intersection of a plane is a circle. The two boundary  cutting tools  is usually chamfer line of intersection of the wheel hub. Therefore, the hub surface toolpath processing methods can be handled in accordance with the channel. Notable feature of this method is the use of channel two constraints to plan its tool path curves. But the most fundamental problem is how to remain based on these two boundaries in accordance with the process for planning permission error toolpath. Introduced the principle of channel processing methods.

Various process parameters and project data can only experience with engineers and manuals

Geometric modeling and tool path generation is the implementation of two key technologies of CNC machining, including CNC tool path geometry is the foundation of the parts CNC machining accuracy is only reasonable under the premise of the tool path can be guaranteed. Tool path planning is reasonable or not, not only directly related to the cutting efficiency, precision, machining interference, but also affect the dynamic performance of the machine and tool life. Currently, in the actual  ubic boron nitride  toolpath  synthetic diamond  entirely through human-computer interaction by hand, over-reliance on the experience of engineers; various process parameters and project data can only experience with engineers and manuals, failed to achieve automation. Mainly based on actual production needs for tool  Polycrystalline diamond  path planning, and Shenyang Brilliance Jinbei Automobile Company HIACE a cover for the sample studied. Application of the principle of reverse engineering, the use of hospital laboratory LK G90CS15.10.8 coordinate measuring machines on the physical sample freeform surface data collection, get a lot, scattered point cloud data.

More current research as well as efficient roughing blade surface finish

Integral impeller is a typical complex parts, usually 5-axis NC machining method its processing, processing interference crash in serious condition. The processing area can be divided into leaf surfaces, bevel surfaces, and the hub surface. More  Diamond blade  as well as efficient roughing blade surface finish, etc., and the hub surfaces, and surface  cubic boron nitride  chamfering little research. I mainly study the overall impeller hub surface machining toolpath planning method. Overall impeller hub surfaces are a special class of surfaces, and its unique position in that it has two surfaces to determine the boundaries as constraints, and the impeller  abrasive grinding  perpendicular to the axis of symmetry line of intersection of a plane is a circle. The two boundary surfaces is usually chamfer line of intersection of the wheel hub. Therefore, the hub surface toolpath processing methods can be handled in accordance with the channel. Notable feature of this method is the use of channel two constraints to plan its tool path curves.

Solution processing tool path generation and calculation

The main wing of the NC machining method, the key to solve the processing tool path generation and calculation, using a cubic B-spline curve fitting wing line, generating wing, find machining tool path to solve the cutting step, take the knife spacing, interference checking and correction and other issues. Through this thesis, main  abrasive grinding  are as follows: 1. Segmented design method based on feature point coordinates are calculated using the cubic B-spline curve fitting synthetic benchmarks wing  polycrystalline diamond , by fitting the wing airfoil surface equation constructed . This method greatly reduces the amount of calculation, to ensure smooth surfaces, reducing the surface intersection of computing and programming  synthetic diamond  brings inconvenience. 2 CL path section method used to generate tool paths. In determining the cut-plane direction, based on the method of using discrete discrete maternal side, according to the tool radius offset surface generation, solving the cross-sectional plane and the line of intersection of the surface is equidistant cutter location point trajectory.

In the free-form surface NC machining tool path generation is the key link

In CNC machining of modern manufacturing industry is one of the important contents. In the free-form surface NC machining tool path generation is a critical step because the merits of the tool path generation algorithm to a certain extent affect the final surface quality and processing efficiency. In this paper refer to a large number of relevant literature, based on the optimization of tool path  Abrasive grinding wheel  method in conducting research with several space-filling curve tool path generation algorithm. Directly generated by the algorithm have a lot of filling curves, Hilbert filling curve based on the advantages of using this curve tool path generation problem. Summed up with the matrix describing the curve in the plane forming algorithm, using matlab  polycrystalline diamond  has been different orders of the curve; build an effective algorithm, the flat surfaces in the design of Hilbert filling curve on a space vector, thereby achieve a different order of the curve on the surface of the map, is filling curve tool path generation provides a theoretical basis; this method is only suitable for rectangular area filling defects, proposed cutting plane Hilbert curve generation algorithm, also on the border complex surfaces curves of different orders can be filled, the expansion of the use of the tool path generation method scope.

CNC manufacturing automation technology as the foundation and key technologies, has become the measure of a country's level of industrialization

With advances in computer technology and the development of global manufacturing, numerical control technology as the basis for manufacturing automation and key technologies, has become the measure of a country's level of industrialization, an important indicator of overall national strength. CNC technology CNC programming  Polycrystalline diamond  as an important component of the current CNC technology has been the research focus. In this paper, CNC milling programming theory and its application problems, combined with fifteen national key scientific and technological project "product design CAD ​​software", to complex multi-surface  abrasive wheels  programming roughing, finishing and complement the related theories and key processing technology for the systematic study and practice. Roughing tool path generation for high efficiency and stability problems, the paper roughing area boundary extraction methods and cutting area boundary  abrasive grinding  technology to conduct in-depth research, the Z-map model based on rough cutting zone generation algorithm. Through efficient tracking method to extract the boundary cutting area boundaries, improve the efficiency of the roughing tool path generation and automatic identification using the boundary description of the tree cutting nesting areas, improve the stability of the roughing tool path generation. The traditional tool path interferometric processing algorithms often apply only to specific tool types, can not be applied to a variety of tool types and the lack of scalability.

The new variable angle mixed rifling wrapped products available

The twentieth century, a new variable angle mixed rifling wrapped products available, the traditional electrolytic processing technology also requires innovation, the process becomes entangled rifling angle must be the cathode in axial feed wrapped  synthetic diamond powder  changing  abrasive wheels  by changing the rotation speed. As the traditional cathode working tooth and cathode body are one, rigid working  Diamond blade  is established, the feed process can no longer change, so it is impossible to remain consistent with the angle of wrap angle, bound with rifling sidewall interference occurs, the processing result rifling widened, resulting candle "collapsed wall," wrapped angle, the greater the change in angle wrapped around the line deeper, "collapsed wall" more serious. To solve this problem, the use of shortening of the length of the cathode working tooth method to reduce interference.

Internal thread cutting taps commonly used by the working part is usually composed of two parts and the peduncle

Currently in the machinery manufacturing processing thread cutting taps commonly used by the working portion and the peduncle is usually composed of two parts, its structure is monolithic, the tap to form a groove longitudinally on the cutting edge and the chip flute. When processing large pitch, large diameter deep internal thread, due to friction, cutting force larger and more chips, tool chip space is small,  polycrystalline diamond  chip removal tool easily damaged and broken. And in the event there is a tap on the missing teeth wear, we should scrap the whole tap, resulting in a great waste. To this end, developed a novel structure, may need to mix and match with new  grinding wheel  cutting tools (hereinafter referred to as the new TAP), which can effectively overcome the existing technical defects exist taps. Second, the structural design of the new tool of silk cone taps, taps lever taps caudal peduncle, set screws and adjust the slider, etc., which tap rod and tap caudal peduncle are two parts of the same part. Compared with ordinary tap, the fundamental  Polycrystalline diamond : to break the traditional tap the overall structure and replace it with detachable modular structure and the use of adjustment slider. But it still has the structural characteristics of ordinary tap, which also has a working portion and the caudal peduncle two part structure.

Ministry of Public Security Administration for knives specific provisions MPS normative documents

At present, China comes to knives manage legal documents (a) Ministry of Public Security on the control tool Ministry of Public Security Administration of the specific provisions of the normative document is the main basis for management control tool, Ministry of Public Security released so far are related to control of the tool  synthetic diamond powder  specification There are six documents, which in 1983 issued by public governance [83] symbol on the 31st issued a "tool to implement controls on the part of the Interim Provisions" is the main basis for management  abrasive wheels . Subsequently, the scope for knives and Certification Standard and minority people to carry and use knives problems, the Ministry has introduced the relevant documents. 1994 Ministry of Public Security to public Fu Zi [l 994 No. boast issued "on the scope of control of the tool of approval" on the scope of control of the tool to make further provisions in 2007 to the public through the word [200712 No. issued a "control tool that standard "for control of the tool makes provision that standard.

Using semi-automatic cutting machine push its trajectory line in operation,

Current domestic cutting equipment commonly used in several types, some kind of plan in the process of cutting the bed along the previously marked cutting trajectory and uses  polycrystalline diamond  cutting machine in its push to run the trajectory line, but also some high-speed movement of the cutter is simple to use, fast cutting fabric. For higher  synthetic diamond  of cutting, trimming or complex pattern requirements, regardless of the mobile machine or fabric, it is difficult to achieve high control precision, resulting in a high quality fabric processing difficulties [1].  Diamond blade  works: first laser beam through an optical focus control focus light to form high density (1 × 106 ~ 1 × 107W/cm2), section small spot, the laser beam is focused onto the fabric, the fabric in the high density of the laser light under the action of light spot at the fabric temperature soared, the rapid formation of spot holes in the fabric of the laser spot on the track line at the specified uniform continuous movement, making the width of the fabric produced kerf spot size to achieve fabric laser cutting.

Because of its typical of brittle materials, ultra-precision machining very difficult

Sapphire crystal has good thermal properties, wear resistance, electrical properties and dielectric characteristics, and its Mohs hardness of 9, still has good high temperature stability, it is widely used in industrial, defense, scientific research other fields. In addition, the sapphire single crystal manufacturing of optoelectronic devices is an important substrate materials. With optoelectronic devices to  polycrystalline diamond  improve product performance, single crystal sapphire substrate machining accuracy and surface quality requirements higher and higher, but because it belongs to a typical brittle materials,  synthetic diamond  machining very difficult. Present research on the single-crystal sapphire substrate ultra-precision  grinding wheel  technology research reported rarely. In this paper, single-crystal sapphire substrate chemical mechanical polishing process and the consolidation of soft abrasive grinding and polishing mechanism of the system's Test. The main task for the sapphire substrate includes a mechanical problem in polishing using a chemical mechanical polishing process scheme.

The new ultra-high-precision wafer planarization process has been a lot of research

Silicon chip is an integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing process, the most common substrate material, the surface quality and the silicon sub-surface damage directly affects the performance of the device, the yield and lifetime. As the wafer size increases, the new ultra-high- Diamond blade  wafer planarization process has been a lot of research, which, using fixed abrasive silicon ultra-precision grinding technology is  synthetic diamond  replacing the traditional grinding technology to become light silicon back thinned wafer sheet and the mainstream graphics  abrasive grinding . However, the current silicon ultra-precision grinding wheel is generally used in micronized diamond grinding wheel, diamond grinding wheel, the wafer surface will inevitably produce grinding damage, but also the need for further chemical mechanical polishing. Therefore, it is necessary to study and explore new principles using the new wheel silicon processing methods to obtain super smooth surface grinding low damage.

Has sufficient strength to ensure wafer, a corresponding increase in the thickness of the wafer

As wafer diameter increases, in order to ensure sufficient strength of silicon, a corresponding increase in the thickness of the wafer; the contrary, in order to meet the needs of advanced IC chip packaging technology, thinner thickness of the chip. These changes make the wafer planarization process faces many outstanding technical issues: IC  polycrystalline diamond , for wafer processing accuracy and surface quality high demands; wafer diameter increases, the process is easy to warpage, machined surface type easy to ensure accuracy; silicon thickness increases and chip  Diamond blade , so that the back of wafer thinning process increases the amount of material removal, improve processing efficiency become a serious problem. Therefore, the use of ultra-precision consolidation abrasive grinding technology is replacing  Polycrystalline diamond  silicon ultra-precision grinding technology become planarization processing technologies mainstream of development, one of the most representative of the silicon self-rotating grinding method is considered to be large planarized wafer size ideal for processing grinding method.

Using fixed abrasive ultra-precision grinding technology is currently a hot research

Single crystal sapphire has a series of excellent performance, Mohs hardness up to 9, in the military and civilian fields with a wide range of uses. Because of its hardness, the traditional processing methods planarization (grinding + polishing) exist processing efficiency is low, difficult to automate, environmental pollution and other shortcomings, therefore, domestic and foreign experts and scholars has been committed to how to achieve efficient monocrystalline sapphire substrate, no damage the surface of the ultra-precision machining  Diamond blade . Among them, the use of fixed abrasive ultra-precision grinding technology is currently a hot research and has achieved remarkable results, but the traditional diamond grinding wheel inevitably will produce single-crystal sapphire  synthetic diamond  surface damage, you need to follow the chemical mechanical polishing to remove the damaged layer, but reduces the processing efficiency of the substrate. For these problems, in order to efficiently process non-destructive  grinding wheel  sapphire substrate made ​​of soft abrasive grinding wheel using a single crystal sapphire processing method using abrasive wheel, additives and the sapphire single crystal solid-phase chemical reactions between and soft abrasives mechanical friction to achieve single-crystal sapphire substrate, ultra-smooth, low damage grinding.

Excellent conductive properties and semiconductor properties, has been in the electronics industry has opened up new fields of application

Natural diamond and synthetic diamond has many excellent physical properties. Their high hardness, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, has been in the machining, geology,  Diamond blade  and oil drilling development has been widely used in recent years, also found Some special types of diamond, with excellent conductive properties and  synthetic diamond  properties, has been in the electronics industry has opened up new fields of application. diamond heatsink here for a special presentation, which as a solid microwave devices and semiconductor lasers heat sink, special attention has been relevant. a diamond classification and ⅱ-A type  abrasive grinding  currently based optical, electrical and other properties, the diamond is divided into ⅰ and type Ⅱ two categories, which are divided into two categories and each a and B are two sub-categories, Ⅱ type is mainly based on diamond ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectroscopy to distinguish the difference.

Adopt international advanced electronic devices and advanced variable flow control technology

Diamond saw blade is a widely used new cutting tool, as cutting speed, high hardness and welcomed by users, the industry is widely used around the stone. But because of its use, the diamond blade as the main face, so some wear and tear caused great tip.  polycrystalline diamond  welding complex new technologies can be soldered directly on the body, according to a new head, making new blade, the welding process costly than buying a new replacement saw several times lower, users can save a lot of costs, it market is very broad. Products and technical characteristics: The processing  synthetic diamond  first saw body heat melted the residual head off, and then the new head heat welded up, the main processing equipment for the high-frequency  abrasive grinding  machine, it adopts the international advanced electronic devices and advanced variable flow control technology, the output power is 5.5 a 30kw, welding machine corresponds with small power of 2 times. For wide voltage, the voltage is 160 volts printed on a 2. Welding speed, welding a 1600 mm large saw about 45 to 60 minutes or so, processing efficiency, safety and energy saving, compared to other welding compared to the aircraft using a wide range of various sizes can be welded saw body.

Although the diamond coating can effectively prevent thermal damage to the diamond, to improve the gripping force of the diamond matrix

How to improve the metal matrix holding force of the diamond, have been studied an important direction, wherein the most common method is the surface of diamond plating Ti, Cr and other metals. Although diamond plated diamond can effectively prevent thermal damage,  polycrystalline diamond  holding force of the diamond, however, a lot of practice shows that the effect is not satisfactory [1]. Brazed diamond tools, although a large outcropping height and gripping force, but by the brazing process itself  Diamond blade , the current  Synthetic diamond  are limited to single-layer diamond abrasive tools manufacturing. After the layer of abrasive consumed without subsequent abrasive added to further improve the service life limit [2]. Therefore, to produce both a single-layer brazed diamond tools high gripping force, but also with long life sintered diamond tools, diamond tools to facilitate the blade products, to become scientists and research topic.

Making the correct choice of the blade complicate matters

Granite diamond saw blade production indispensable tool, mainly used for cutting operations. In order to meet the requirements of different material cutting, is now able to produce  Abrasive grinding  properties, the price of different types of diamond saw blade, such as cobalt, copper and iron-based type, sharp-and durable type. This is both for  synthetic diamond  plant to provide a greater choice, but also raised the problem of how to properly select the blade. Production practices that evaluate the merits of the blade, its durability, sharpness and price are the main targets, the relationship between them unity of opposites. General, durable blades, often sharp enough; Conversely, a sharp blade, but not very durable;  abrasive grinding  the blade prices are high and low, which makes the correct choice of the blade complicate matters. In the current production plant in the stone, and some manufacturers sided emphasis blade durability and price, but ignored its sharpness; although some manufacturers also understand that we should take into account three indicators of the truth, but in practice, no one suffer the basic guidelines to follow, results are often at a loss.

Get a good cutting performance, quality assurance process, improve cutting efficiency, in addition to ensuring the blade manufacturing quality

Diamond saw blade cutting performance impact of many factors. To get a good cutting performance, quality assurance process, improve cutting efficiency, in addition to ensuring the blade  polycrystalline diamond  quality, but also be processed according to the nature of the stone and the specific production conditions, a reasonable choice right blade. According to consider when choosing the type of cut stone, hardness and wear  grinding wheel  the appropriate binder blades. Meanwhile according to the requirements of efficiency and cost cutting selection fast type binder (binder soft, high efficiency, but also wear faster), or use wear-type binder (binder rigid, longer life expectancy, but the cutting speed slower).

Saw the matrix is not easy recycling and secondary use

Welded diamond saw blade to use more high-frequency welding welder heating. It is characterized by welding low cost, but less than that is not easy to weld quality assurance, saw the matrix deformation, for 30 0mm below the thin blade deformation greater, and thus directly affect the normal use of the saw blade. To change this situation,  abrasive wheels  with the use of laser welding, although able to meet the quality requirements, but the cost is high, one-time capital investment; also saw the matrix is not easy  Diamond blade  and secondary use. Thus, it is difficult to be widely used in small and medium factories. To this end, developed tooth saw blade  abrasive grinding  plating method can effectively solve the above problems. This method is the key question is: first processing of qualified diamond composite teeth; then saw the matrix circumferential direction of the diameter of the groove milled certain specifications, the composite teeth into the trench, and then apply the composite plating method to form teeth inlaid prison diamond saw.