Polycrystalline Diamond Compact

The thin layer of polycrystalline diamond bonded to the cemented carbide substrate attached to the composite material called PDC, codenamed PDC. Polycrystalline

Diamond PDC both extremely high wear resistance and high impact carbide and diamond layer can always maintain a sharp cutting edge, and thus in the petroleum and

geological drilling in soft to medium hard formations, the effect very good. The diamond content of the composite sheet up to 99%, the diamond layer of high hardness,

excellent wear resistance, the Knoop hardness (6 5 ~ 7) × 104 MPa or even higher. Its thickness is thin, the general control 05 to 1 mm. Vertical inserts welded to

the drill bit, and its sharp edge and is always self-sharpening, also known as micro-cutting with the drill bit. Composite sheet in his own superiority, development

and production of competing at home and abroad, but also a lot of varieties and specifications. PDC current direction of development are: 1, polycrystalline diamond

layer constantly thicker, less than 1mm from the initial development to the present 2-4mm, product life increases. 2, diamond grain is getting smaller, wear resistance

and impact resistance overall performance improved. 3, by optimizing the process or off Co, increase the heat-resistant layer and other processes, to improve thermal

stability. 4, the interface structure optimization, to improve the interfacial stress. 5, the product continued to increase in diameter, to improve the efficiency of

synthesis. 6, to improve the sintering effects, reduce the performance difference. synthetic diamond composite film is superhard material class, the super-word is not

specific, a wide range. Superhard materials is Rockwell hardness (HR), Brinell hardness (HB), Vickers hardness (HV) high material. Just general HR 45 # 30-60, the

hardest natural diamonds. This concept covers a wide range, high hardness steel, high hardness ceramics, artificial diamonds, etc. can be considered.

Development of polycrystalline diamond tools

Polycrystalline diamond tools
As a superhard diamond cutting tool materials have been used for hundreds of years of history. In the tool development process, from the nineteenth century to the mid

-twentieth century, high-speed steel tool material as the main representative; 1927 Germany developed the first carbide tool material and is widely available; nineteen

fifties, Sweden and USA were synthesized diamond cutting tool with superhard materials from entering the representative period. 1970s, people were synthesized using

high pressure synthesis of polycrystalline diamond (PCD), to solve the natural diamond scarce and expensive problems, make the diamond tool applications extended to

aviation, aerospace, automotive, electronics, stone other fields.
The performance characteristics of polycrystalline diamond tools
Diamond tool with high hardness, high compressive strength, thermal conductivity and good wear resistance and other characteristics, can be obtained in a high-speed

cutting machining accuracy and processing efficiency. Above characteristics of diamond tools is determined by the state of the diamond crystal. In the diamond crystal,

the carbon atoms of the four valence electrons enter the tetrahedral bond, each carbon atom with four adjacent atoms form a covalent bond, and then form a diamond

structure, the structure is very strong binding force and direction, so that the diamond has a very high hardness. As polycrystalline diamond (PCD) of varying

orientation of the structure of fine grain diamond sintered body, although the added binding agent, the hardness and wear resistance is still lower than the single

crystal diamond. However, due to the performance of PCD sintered isotropic and therefore not split along a single cleavage plane. Polycrystalline diamond cutting tool

materials, the main performance indicators: ① polycrystalline diamond's hardness up to 8000HV, is 80 to 120 times carbide; ② thermal conductivity of polycrystalline

diamond 700W/mK, as carbide 1.5 ~ 9 times or higher than PCBN and copper, so rapid heat transfer polycrystalline diamond tools; ③ PCD friction coefficient is

typically only 0.1 to 0.3 (the friction coefficient of carbide 0.4 to 1), the polycrystalline diamond tools can significantly reduce the cutting force; ④

polycrystalline diamond thermal expansion coefficient of only 0.9 × 10 -6 ~ 1.18 × 10 -6, equivalent to only carbide 1/5, so the thermal deformation of

polycrystalline diamond tools, high precision; ⑤ poly polycrystalline diamond cutter and non-ferrous metals and non-metallic materials, the affinity between the small

chip in the process is not easy to form a bond on the tip BUE.
Application of polycrystalline diamond tools
Polycrystalline diamond tools for industrial countries study carried out earlier, its application has been more mature. The first time since 1953 in Sweden since the

synthetic diamond , polycrystalline diamond tools for cutting a lot of research to get results, polycrystalline diamond tool application and usage is expanding rapidly.

Range by turning to the initial drilling, milling expansion. Organized by the Japanese conducted a survey of about superhard cutting tool: polycrystalline diamond

tools people use the key consideration is based on the polycrystalline diamond tool machined surface accuracy, dimensional accuracy and tool life and other advantages.

PDC synthesis technology has been greatly developed. Domestic polycrystalline diamond tool market with the level of development of tool technology is also expanding.

At present, China First Automobile Group has over one hundred PCD turning point of use, and many companies are using wood-based panels polycrystalline diamond tools

for wood processing. The application of polycrystalline diamond tools for its further promote the design and manufacture technology. Domestic Tsinghua University,

Dalian University of Technology, Huazhong University of Science, Jilin University, Harbin Institute of Technology are on active research in this area. Engaged in

research and development of polycrystalline diamond tools, production of a Shanghai Shubohate, Zhengzhou New Asia, Nanjing, Leitz, Shenzhen Runxiang, Chengdu Tool

Research Institute and dozens of units. Currently, the processing of polycrystalline diamond tools range from traditional metal cutting extended to stone processing,

wood processing, metal matrix composites, glass, ceramics and other materials processing engineering. In recent years, through the analysis of the application of

polycrystalline diamond tools visible, polycrystalline diamond tools are mainly used in the following two aspects: ① difficult to machine non-ferrous materials

processing: with ordinary non-ferrous materials difficult to machine tooling, often generating tool easy to wear, processing efficiency and low defects, and

polycrystalline diamond cutting tool can exhibit good processability. Such as the use of polycrystalline diamond cutting tool can be effectively and processing of new

materials, engine pistons - hypereutectic silicon aluminum (mechanism of the materials processing has made breakthroughs). ② difficult to machine processing of non-

metallic materials: polycrystalline diamond cutting tool is very suitable for stone, hard carbon, carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), artificial board and other

difficult to machine processing of non-metallic materials. If Huazhong University in 1990 to achieve a glass with polycrystalline diamond cutting tools; currently

laminate flooring and other wood-based panels (eg MDF) is a widely used, with a polycrystalline diamond cutting tool machining these materials can effectively prevent

the tool wear and other defects .
Polycrystalline diamond tool manufacturing technology
Polycrystalline diamond tool manufacturing Guo Cheng Jujing diamond tool manufacturing process consists of two stages: ① polycrystalline diamond compact

manufacturing: Polycrystalline Diamond Compact is made from natural or synthetic diamond powder and binder (cobalt-containing , nickel and other metals) by a certain

percentage in the high temperature (1000 ~ 2000 ℃), pressure (5 to 100,000 atmospheres) for sintering. In the sintering process, due to binding agent is added,

between the diamond crystals to form TiC, SiC, Fe, Co, Ni, etc. as a main component with the bridge, the diamond crystals to form a covalent bond with the bridge

mounted on the skeleton. The composite sheet is usually made from a fixed diameter and the thickness of the disc, the need for sintering the composite sheet for

grinding and polishing and other appropriate physical and chemical treatment. ② polycrystalline diamond blade processing: the processing of polycrystalline diamond

blade includes a composite sheet cutting, welding blade, blade sharpening and other steps.
Polycrystalline diamond tools, welding process
Polycrystalline Diamond cutter body with binding mode in addition to the use of mechanical clamping and bonding methods, mostly by brazing way Polycrystalline Diamond

Compact suppressed in the cemented carbide substrate. Welding methods include laser welding, vacuum diffusion welding, vacuum brazing, high frequency induction

brazing. Currently, less investment, low cost high frequency induction heating brazed polycrystalline diamond blade welding is widely used. The blade welding process,

the welding temperature, the choice of flux and solder alloy weld will directly affect the performance of the tool. During the welding process, the welding temperature

control is very important, such as welding temperature is too low, then the weld strength is not enough; such as welding temperature, polycrystalline diamond

graphitization easy and may lead to "over-burning" effect Polycrystalline Diamond Compact with the carbide substrate combination. In the actual process, according to

the holding time and the degree of difficulty of polycrystalline diamond red controlled soldering temperature (generally should be lower than 700 ℃). Use more foreign

high-frequency welding automatic welding process, welding, high efficiency, good quality, enabling continuous production; country is to use more manual welding,

production efficiency is low, the quality is not ideal.

Polycrystalline diamond

Polycrystalline diamond Introduction
Polycrystalline diamond (powder) is using a unique method of directional blasting obtained from graphite, high-explosive shock wave velocity explosive blasting the

metal slapper accelerated flight, impact resulting graphite graphite sheet into polycrystalline diamond .  The structure is very similar to the natural, unsaturated bond

by combination with good toughness.
Polycrystalline diamond Applications
Advantages of polycrystalline diamond
Excellent grinding performance: High removal rate and toughness, self-sharpening;
Compared with the single crystal diamond, it is not prone to scratch the surface;
More suitable for grinding surfaces of different hardness of the material of the workpiece.
Applications
As a precision abrasive grinding , for sapphire, head, disk, hard glass and crystal, ceramic and carbide ultra-precision grinding and polishing, such as for LED sapphire

thinning.
As a coating additive for metal molds, tools, parts, etc. coating, can greatly improve the surface abrasion resistance, surface hardness, long life.
Mainly used for grinding, polishing fluid preparation generally used.
May also be made knives, cutting is not prone to cracking.

Diamond Blades

Diamond blade cutting speed and workpiece removal rate is high, you can improve productivity, excellent impact resistance, and can be re-cut elimination interrupted cutting tools .

Wear resistance, carbide workpiece can get a good surface finish and accuracy
Widely used in automotive engine parts, motorcycle engine parts, gearbox, control valve body, cylinder block, pistons, crankshaft, intake manifold and out, alloy

wheels, fuel pump, motor, large freezer and aerospace manufacturing industry, compressor manufacturing.

Plane grinding machine

Brief introduction
Grinding machine with abrasive coated or embedded on the surface of the lap for polishing grinder. Mainly used in high-precision surface grinding work, external

cylindrical surface, conical surface, spherical surface and the other thread-surface.
The main purpose
Plane grinding machine is widely used in LED sapphire substrate, an optical glass wafer, quartz, silicon, various pieces, molds, light guide, light fittings and other

materials stick-sided grinding and polishing.
Works
Plane grinding machine for precision grinding and polishing equipment, by grinding, polishing materials placed on a flat grinding disc, grinding disc counterclockwise

rotation correction wheel drive workpiece rotation, gravity, pressure or otherwise put pressure on the workpiece, the workpiece and the grinding disc for Relative

operating friction, to achieve the purpose of polishing. Grinding action of the abrasive particles produced two sources, one from the constantly applied (often

referred to as free abrasive); Another way is to fix the abrasive particles in the grinding disc (often referred to as solid abrasives).
Abrasive grinding disc flatness is the benchmark, was supported by precision workpiece surface guarantee. In the process of grinding, the grinding disc will decrease

the flatness, mainly due to the external lines grinding disc at different speeds, causing inconsistent wear. Grinding disc requiring regular trimming plane. Trimmed in

two ways: one is the use of the reference plane electroplated diamond dressing wheel to shave, because electroplated diamond dressing wheel almost no wear, a higher

flatness.
2 is shaved by the trimming mechanism, the better the flatness can be obtained, this trimming same principle The principle and lathe, grinding disc rotation, a forward

and backward movement of the knife arbor driven by cutting to obtain a polishing plane.
The main types of mill disc mill, shaft grinding machines and a variety of special grinding machine. Grinding Machine Control System PLC as the control core, the text

display is interactive interface control mode. Interactive interface can equipment maintenance, operation, fault and other information dialogue with people; easy and

intuitive user interface, process control, simple operation. Comprehensive security reasons, misuse of non-normal state is invalid. Real-time monitoring, fault, error

alarm, easy maintenance grinding, is the use of coated or embedded in the lap pressure on the abrasive wheels particles and the workpiece through a lap under a certain

pressure relative movement of the processing surface finishing processing (eg cutting processing). Grinding can be used for processing of various metals and non-

metallic materials, the processing of the surface shape of a flat, cylindrical cylinders and conical surface, convex and concave spherical, thread, tooth surface and

the other type surface. Precision up to IT5 ~ 01, the surface roughness up Ra0.63 ~ 0.01 microns, are precision machining.
Six Advantages plane grinding machine
1, two plane grinding machine with variable speed control system, can easily adjust the various components suitable grinding polishing rate. Using electric - gas

proportional pressure control valve closed loop feedback, individually adjustable pressure device. Set slow down function on the plate, effectively prevent crackers,

broken parts.
2, through a time relay and a grinding counter processing requirements can be accurately set and control the grinding time and grinding laps. Adjustable working

pressure mode, to grind or lap time set will automatically shut down when the alarm for semi-automatic operation. By increasing the thickness of the grating form a

closed loop control, to set the thickness will stop automatically for online control of production.
3, double surface grinding machine with speed motor drive, power deceleration system configuration, soft start, soft stop, smooth operation.
4, through the upper and lower lapping plate, a sun gear, the planetary wheel is formed in the processing of the four directions, the polishing speed of movement

coordination, to both upper and lower surfaces of the efficient operation of the grind.
5, the lower plate can lift for easy loading and unloading of the workpiece. Pneumatic sun gear change to the device, precise control of both sides of the workpiece

grinding accuracy and speed.
6, random with a correction wheel, used to correct errors in parallel upper and lower platens
Grinding machine maintenance methods
Motor
1 use of the motor voltage is 380V, to ensure that the use of the normal voltage.
(2) to use the highest frequency of the motor is 50HZ, 50HZ use can not exceed.
3 motor current strength not exceeding 15A, if found not normal to promptly stop check.
4 after starting the motor starter switch, such that the motor does not start an instant reaction, immediately stop inspection, discharge after a fault before normal

use.
5, such that the motor has dry tone or high (exceeding 80 ℃ above), they should immediately stop check on discharge after a fault before normal use.
Gearbox
1 new gearbox when used in operation should be replaced after 300 hours of new oil, using 1500 hours required for each subsequent replacement of oil, in the course of

oil should regularly check the quality, if a little oil should be supplemented, if oil has deteriorated, aging, must be immediately replaced.
2 Gearbox should use a fixed brand, number of lubricants, must not allow the different brands, different numbers or different types of oil phase mixture.
3 in the oil change process, you should first internal gear box oil cleaned (blown clean with air gun oil inside), and then inject new oil.
4 During use, if found above the oil temperature exceeds 80 ℃, should stop to check, such as temperature decreases, replace the oil before it can be used normally.
5 Recommended oil: ISO.HD-460 or HD-320 lubricating oil.
6.2 days must be checked once fuel oil, gearbox oil for less timely additional oil (oil deep in the center of the oil money to the mirror).
7 gearbox filling hole is not blocked, we must play a role in breathing.
8 Gearbox working environment must be ventilated.
9 gearbox generally can not exceed the maximum speed rev / min.

Grind

Classification

Polishing method can be divided into wet grind, grind and semi-dry grind three categories.

Wet grind: also known as deposited sand grinding, the liquid filling or coating in a continuous Abrasive grinding surfaces, abrasive between the workpiece and the lap 

constantly sliding and rolling, forming cutting motion. Wet research generally used for rough grinding, abrasive powder used in coarse granularity.

Dry research: also known as embedded sand grinder, the uniformity of the pressure abrasive embedded in the surface layer of the lap, the lap polishing the surface only 

a small amount of stearic acid coated with fat and other auxiliary materials. Commonly used in dry grind fine grinding, fine grain abrasive powder used in.

Semi research: Similar to wet grind, the use of abrasive grinding paste is a paste. Grinding either by hand, but also on the grinding machine. Polishing the workpiece 

by other processing methods required before pre-processing to obtain a higher accuracy, the left margin is generally abrasive 5-30 microns.

RESEARCH abrading tool is a tool of the workpiece, is also the carrier of the abrasive, hardness should be less than the hardness of the workpiece, has a certain wear 

resistance, commonly made of gray cast iron. Wet lap metallurgical research organizations based ferrite; dry research lap places of uniform and fine pearlitic matrix. 

The following grinding M5 thread and small parts of complex shape, the commonly used mild steel lap. Grinding holes and soft metal material, mostly made of brass, 

copper lap. Should have sufficient stiffness lap, the working surface to have a high geometric precision. Lap during the grinding process has also been cutting and 

wear, such as operating properly, its accuracy can be improved, so that the machining accuracy can be higher than the lap of the original accuracy.

To correctly handle abrasive grinding trajectory is to improve the quality of the important conditions. In the surface grinding, the general requirements: ① movement 

of the workpiece relative to the lap, to try to ensure that each point on the workpiece grinding stroke of similar length; ② trajectory workpiece uniformly throughout 

the surface of the lap, to facilitate uniform wear lap; ③ movement trajectory curvature changes should be small, in order to ensure smooth movement of the workpiece; 

④ any point on the trajectory of the workpiece to avoid premature periodically repeated. Pictured common plane grinding trajectory. To reduce the thermal cutting, 

grinding is generally carried out under low pressure. Rough grinding pressure of not more than 0.3 MPa, lapping pressure is generally 0.03 to 0.05 MPa using. Coarse 

grind speed is generally 20 to 120 m / min, lapping speed generally take 10 to 30 m / min.

Grinding - Methods

1) Cylindrical Grinding

Description: ① generally cylindrical grinding or polishing finishing basis. Hand grinding cylindrical in lathe, painted between the workpiece and the lap abrasive 

workpiece is rotated by the lathe spindle, and research support for axial reciprocating with hand movement. ② mechanical grinding cylindrical grinding machine for the 

general class of balls for grinding cylindrical parts.

2) grinding the inner circle

Description: Grinding inner circle need grinding, precision hinge or fine boring after, usually hand-grinding. Sleeve for the opening lap, set in the taper mandrel 

abrasives applied between the workpiece and the lap, holding the workpiece axially reciprocated. Grinding after a certain time, the direction of the large end of the 

taper adjustment spindle sleeve, the diameter of the swell, to maintain pressure on the workpiece bore wall.

3) ground plane

Description: ground plane is generally carried out after grinding. Hand grinding plane, coated abrasive grinding plate (lap) and holding the workpiece in a straight 

line reciprocating or "8" motion. Grinding after a certain time, the workpiece is turned 90 ° ~ 180 °, to prevent the workpiece tilt. Study of the workpiece to be 

small locally planar, square hole, slit and other surfaces, can be hand-held grinding lap. Larger quantities of simple parts on a plane in the plane grinding machine 

can grind.

Grinding - Process Characteristics and Applications

① simple equipment, less precision.

② processing and reliable quality. Obtain a very high precision and very low Ra value. But generally can not improve the processing surface and the other surface of 

the positional accuracy.

③ process a variety of steel, hardened steel, cast iron, copper and aluminum and its alloys, tungsten carbide, ceramic, glass and some plastic products.

④ grinding is widely used in single and small batch production and processing of various high-precision surface, and can be used in a large number of mass production.

Diamond grinding wheel characteristics

Features include abrasive type, size, hardness, density, binders, wheel shape and size.
Abrasive: extensive use of synthetic diamond , based on its crystal form and particle strength, of various types, according to their specific purposes selected models.
Granularity: To workpiece roughness of diamond grinding productivity and consumption of three aspects to consider.
Hardness: Only the resin bond diamond wheels have the "hardness" of this feature. Generally use level or higher.
Binders: there are four commonly used binding agent, the binding capacity and wear resistance with a resin, ceramic, bronze, plated metal is sequence, in order

crescendo. Resin bonded diamond grinding wheel, high efficiency, the workpiece roughness, and apply a wide range of good self-sharpening, no

Easy to plug, heat a small, easy to repair, mainly used for grinding processes. Vitrified diamond grinding wheel is mainly used for a variety of non-metallic brittle

materials, carbide, hard materials, such as grinding.
Concentration: concentration selected according to size using the wheel, binding agents, shape, processing methods, the production efficiency and the requirements of

the wheel life. High concentration of diamond grinding wheel shape retention ability, low concentrations grinding wheel, the diamond tends to lower consumption

These should be selected as appropriate according to need.
Shape and size: according to the workpiece shape, size and choice of machining conditions.

Cubic boron nitride grinding wheel selection

cubic boron nitride grinding wheel CBN particles stick in the general wheel surface only a thin layer, the abrasive toughness, hardness, durability corundum wheel is 100 times, the

most suitable for processing high hardness, sticky, high high strength, low thermal conductivity and high hard steel mill

Speed ??or ultra high speed grinding. Its scope of application and artificial diamond plays a complementary role to each other. Diamond grinding wheel in grinding

carbide and non-metallic materials, has a unique effect, but in the grinding steel material, especially when grinding special steels, the effect is not significant.

Cube

CBN grinding wheel steel wheel efficiency is higher than corundum class in recent times, five times higher than the diamond grinding wheel, but less than the diamond

grinding of brittle materials.
CBN and diamond grinding wheel selection is similar to the selection. However, the binding agent used, the majority of the resin binder, followed by electroplating, a

metal binding agent. Vitrified CBN grinding wheel is mainly used for titanium alloys, high-speed steel, malleable iron, etc.

Difficult to machine ferrous metal grinding, resin bond CBN grinding wheel for grinding ferromagnetic material, is the ideal choice for machining steel. CBN Wheels

concentration is generally between 100% ~ 150% between using more economical and reasonable, it can not use ordinary cutting fluids, require special

Special cutting fluid.

Abrasive choice

 Grinder grinding high tensile strength of the material, the selection of toughness abrasive. Grinding low hardness, elongation of the material, the selection of more

brittle abrasive. Grinding material with high hardness, the selection of higher hardness abrasive. Optional material to be processed easily abrasive chemical reaction

. The most commonly used abrasives are corundum sand Lun and corundum, followed by black and green silicon carbide, chromium corundum remaining common there,

monocrystalline corundum, microcrystalline corundum, zirconium corundum. Corundum grinding wheel: corundum hardness, toughness, tensile strength suitable for grinding

Higher metals such as carbon steel, alloy steel, malleable iron and hard bronze, etc. The abrasive grinding performance, adaptability, commonly used in the resection

margin larger kibble, cheap, widely available. Corundum grinding wheel: brown just slightly higher than the hardness of corundum

Jade, toughness lower than corundum, when grinding, abrasive shatter easily, so grinding heat a small, suitable for manufacturing grinding hardened steel, high carbon

steel, high speed steel and thin-walled parts with grinding wheel, corundum high cost ratio. Black silicon carbide grinding wheel: black silicon carbide sex

Crisp and sharp, higher hardness than corundum, suitable for grinding material of low mechanical strength, such as cast iron, brass, aluminum, and refractory

materials. Green silicon carbide grinding wheel: Green silicon carbide high hardness brittle than black, abrasive sharp, good thermal conductivity, suitable for

grinding hard alloy

Gold, optical glass, ceramics and other brittle materials. Chrome corundum grinding wheel: suitable for grinding tools, measuring tools, instruments, thread and other

surface processing, high quality requirements of the workpiece. Monocrystalline corundum grinding wheel: suitable for grinding stainless steel, high vanadium high

speed steel toughness, high hardness of the material

And deformation of the workpiece burn.

Diamond Tool application recommendations

Diamond blade has changed the traditional machining process to solve the production process before a lot of the problem is difficult to solve. Now widely used in

machinery, metallurgy, mining, high-speed trains, cars, tractors, bearings, pumps, transportation, energy, precision instrument

Control, aerospace and other industries Bing achieved remarkable economic benefits. For example, Changchun FAW Group Corporation with PCD tool fine boring high silicon

aluminum alloy piston pin hole (VC = 160m/min, f = 0.08 ~ 0.10mm / r, ap = 0.05mm), tool life up to 42,500 pieces,

Is 90 times the original carbide tools, surface roughness Ra increased from 0.8 ~ 0.4μm down to 0.4 ~ 0.2μm, alignment tool can reduce class size and other auxiliary

time 30min, allocated to each of the cost of the tool on the workpiece also fell by more than 85% of carbide cutting tools .
Currently the world's annual consumption of diamond material was 8% to 10% growth rate. Synthetic single crystal diamond material is the coarse particles, high

strength, multi-direction, the maximum weight of particles up to 11.14 kt. PCD is to a large diameter, fine-grained, high impact, high fever

Stability direction. PCD maximum diameter of up to 74mm. China since 1963 has been a successful development of synthetic diamond has gone through nearly 50 years of

development. At present, China's annual production of synthetic diamond ranks first in the world, Bing can produce a variety of high-grade and high-strength

Degree of synthetic diamond for the promotion and use of diamond cutting tools created favorable conditions.
A machine using a diamond cutting tool must have a high rigidity, high power and high speed. In addition, better precision machine tools, jigs and clamping the

workpiece clamping device, requiring reliability, so as not to cause vibrations generated when machining tool breakage. Must be noted that mesh

Many machine tool equipment before production can not meet the processing requirements of diamond tools, so their potential can not be fully realized in the future as

CNC machine tools (NC) machines and machining centers (MC) device applications, such as efficient increase (China Investment 221 billion yuan

Major national science and technology projects, "high gear CNC machine tools and basic manufacturing", which started in early 2009), will further promote the use of

diamond tools.
Diamond grinding and machining tool regrinding blunt the key issue is to use, it is a highly confidential nature, great technical difficulty. Abroad, the majority of

enterprises using diamond tools do not own knife, but will return with a blunt diamond tools factory resharpening.
China's current development of diamond tools, one should pay attention to introducing and absorbing foreign technology, ways to improve the quality of the blade,

reducing the cost of the blade; the other hand, further developed the finer grain size of the material to increase its density, reducing blade mouth jagged edges

, So that it can grind even more sharp. While sharpening diamond tool to solve the efficiency and quality issues.
It is noteworthy that, with the raw synthetic polycrystalline diamond graphite body, the current diamond is C12. Isotope C13 and C60 are more rigid. It can be expected

that in the 21st century the coming years, there will be greater progress in diamond tools and get more

Application.

synthetic diamond powder

Single-crystal diamond and PCD (or PCD / CC) and PCD (or PCD / CC) and between CVD diamond can complement each other well, there are some cross-cutting applications.
Single crystal diamond cut surface of the continuous workpiece, and the workpiece with the PCD cutting surface showing discontinuity of microns, so PCD is only

suitable for general machining area, there are special requirements for some polishing process, When prepared as Al2O3 mirror

, Only the use of natural diamond crystal to achieve the desired surface roughness and dimensional tolerances.
Natural diamonds are rare large size diamond, but the large size of synthetic diamond has now become possible. Its processing with high wear layered wood, its

performance is superior to PCD diamond cutting edge will not cause premature passivated. In the processing of aluminum composite material,

PCD can also be used using TFD (CVD thick). Figure 3 shows two kinds of a PCD and diamond machining TFD 40% SiCυ A356MMC wear curves of the tool material. Figure 3

using the cutting test conditions: cutting speed 400m/min, feed rate of 0.05mm / r

, Depth of cut (cutting tools) 0.5 mm, plus cutting fluid. According to experiments, processing 40% SiCυ matrix composites, using thick-film diamond TFD best effect,

PCD025 followed, PCD002 tool life minimum.
Since the various diamond face in adapting to the complementary nature of processed diamond tool range has been expanded to replace synthetic diamond powder natural diamond,

CVD diamond substitute PCD diamond trends become apparent. Are thus cutting can be realized into a

Efficient and economical processing of a new era, and its degree of substitution depends on both technical and economic factors, especially the blade forming,

grinding, and welding degree of difficulty will directly affect the price and performance of diamond tools.
Typically PCD tool for roughing and requires a higher fracture toughness tool production, CVD single crystal diamond tool thick and are used for high-speed finishing

and semi-finishing.

What is a polishing abrasive

The so-called polishing abrasives, simply means that polishing abrasive.

Polishing using the polishing machine that is the high-speed rotation of the various grinding, the surface of the ceramic process for processing. Polishing process

includes: Calibrating grinding, rough grinding, the grinding, fine grinding, polishing, edging and inverted corners and other processes. Abrasive grinding and abrasive grinding used:

above

In addition to calibrating each step using a diamond grinding, the rest are used for a variety of silicon carbide powder fineness. Polishing is required for the

cooling flush face to face away produce a lot of heat to prevent the products burst. After polishing needed for drying, waxing or other painted surfaces

Material, to enhance its dirt capacity, improve the gloss. Currently polishing process is mainly used for finishing ceramic tiles, and has developed a fully automatic

polishing machine.

Stone abrasive polishing technology introduction

Abrasive polishing stone grinding and polishing the stone introduced types of technology; with synthetic diamond powder , silicon carbide powder and corundum abrasives such as

bulk, and then mixed with a liquid or ointment polishing suspension or a polishing paste as a polishing agent, with the appropriate devices added to grind

Polishing tool or workpiece. This technique is bulk abrasive polishing techniques. Different abrasive materials to meet different abrasive. Such as the use of diamond

abrasives are best to use tinned abrasive, but when you use silicon carbide abrasive abrasive gray cast iron. However, due to grinding

Material metering device to use artificial or added to the workpiece, so abrasive unevenly distributed and require operation by skilled craftsmen in order to achieve

high quality standards. The use of polishing grinding technology can avoid the recurrence of such situations: Abrasive distribution, polishing quality

Good and stable quality, easy to implement continuous operation, high polishing efficiency, general polishing time than with a 30% reduction of bulk diamond abrasives.

This polishing grinding technology, using bonded abrasive, that diamond, silicon carbide or corundum powder for abrasive and binder to burn

Knot, made of plated or bonded grinding block technology. Fixed to the upper millstone made of polished grinding. Small grinding blocks for general use materials such

as asphalt or sulfur bonding, large grinding block is connected to the disc with a dovetail groove on. Stone polishing abrasive grinding stone substance described in

terms of human

Or mechanical force, the rotation of the disc perpendicular to continuously feed stone, in the contact region between the friction, wear, uneven surface layer of the

sheet surface is gradually polished. Because granite rocks generally hard, abrasive hardness must be more than a hard stone

Degrees. Generally abrasive to be used to complete the six sets of grinding, polishing process. The first two grinding force to be positioned grinding, from the

leveling and controlling the thickness of a sheet; respectively behind coarse grinding, fine grinding, polishing and other processes. Depending on the diameter

Size, grinding block shape, number and arrangement techniques, the binder and the abrasive grit size of different grinding head has a different structure. Grinding

diameter of 4 to 12 inch many, the most commonly used is 10 inches. Grinding block shape straight bar, oblong, umbrella, ring

Shaped, straight bars and oblong most common. Grinding diameter grinding blocks depending on the number and size of the grinding blocks, from a few blocks to the ten

blocks. Grinding blocks arranged radially technology is the most common, but there are also arranged according to spiral technology. The abrasive binder metal binder

, The resin binder, magnesite and polymers. The manufacturers use different grit size range. The diamond abrasive, from the coarse grinding to polishing using 30 mesh

grinding a few μm are used. 2. Affect the quality of the stone grinding and polishing stone many varieties of factors

, Its physical properties, chemical composition, grain weight, and mineral crystals and so on polishing composition differences affected the quality. As the stone

different from the crystalline, non-uniform when the polishing surface. Larger grain stone, polishing unevenness smaller than the grain size of the stone

Obvious, so small grains than large grain stone polishing stone easy. Polishing grinding feed rate on the polishing quality great impact study showed that with

polishing grinding feed rate, the stone surface gloss will decline, but it will speed up the feed rate is too low grinding mill

Loss and reduces production efficiency. Polishing and grinding running technique to rough grinding, fine grinding technology with the grinding operation performed.

Grinding operation technology with horizontal and vertical extent of the density of the points. Stone abrasive polishing technology introduction

Metal abrasives industry analysis of intellectual property protection

Increasing competition in the hardware market, intellectual property protection and more attention today, how businesses use intellectual property protection has

become a self-important topic.
Exclusive right of trademark protection: the principle is particularly important prior application
According to the "Abrasives" magazine, the acquisition of trademark rights must be registered through the national competent authority procedures, namely, a company

wants to produce the same across the country to provide the same goods or services in the course of this brand enjoys a unique dedicated

Right, it must promptly to the State Administration of Industry and Commerce Trademark Office an application for registration of the trademark. In the trademark

application process, the filing date is a very important factor, because in principle, subject to application of the principle of earlier, that is, if the other person

or business than you

Early application, even if only for a day earlier identical or similar trademarks, applications submitted after this basically is a registered trademark can not.

Although the individual special circumstances, also apply to use of the principle of earlier, but only for different applicants in the same

Days on the same or similar trademark application situation. Therefore, many years experience in the application of trademark rights, and recommends the identified

brand name, it should be the first time applied for registration, and note that the trademark registration of confidentiality before work to prevent others from

malicious

Enterprises registered trademark.
Trademark cybersquatting common occurrences, all walks of life have occurred. Many of them are registered in the relevant industry, some well-known trademark, commonly

known as "Pong brand", "walking a fine line."
In the abrasives industry, a small part of the business of trademark protection is still not enough attention, often newly established company or companies launch a

new product, the first product on the market for some time. If the volume is good, it will consider the registration of the trade mark protection.

Little do they know that there are actually very risky way: If the trademark is not registered prior to others, so that the enterprise's own use of the trademark for

some time before to apply, can be approved for registration have been lucky, fear has long been the trademark of others Prior Registrations

Trademarks, and because companies do not know the situation, has done a lot of production and sales. Well, ultimately it is possible that they violated the trademark

rights of others are facing infringement litigation or compensation. Actual transfer of trademark rights, pre-costing less than two thousand, and laissez-faire

Unregistered first production and sales resulting from late unintentional infringement, businesses cope with litigation and compensation costs will be difficult to

predict.
Trademark classification principles: main product categories registered in conjunction with the relevant category safer
At present, China's trademark registration is complete it will take a year to a year and a half, in the trademark application process is not entitled to the trademark

rights, rights can not be carried out, so companies time and trademark applications that are protected categories is particularly important.
Sub-category of trademark registration must be protected, a total of 45 categories, covering all sectors to provide products or services. Abrasives industry

enterprises trademark registration, in addition to the flagship product in the enterprise category for trademark registration, you must pay attention to

Related to other categories.
According to the latest "Registration of Marks International Classification of Goods and Services," the tenth edition of the regulations, and related infrastructure

abrasives category are the following categories: the first category for industrial chemicals; third category polishing material and their preparations; sixth Class A

common Kim

Genus and its alloys; seventh class of metal-cutting machine tools, cutting tools and other metal processing machinery, non-manually operated hand tools; VIII manual

grinding wheel equipment, etc.; enterprises according to the characteristics of their products may also involve other products category.
Companies apply for trademark registration, be sure to fully take into account the current business category in which the product should be protected and associated

with their product categories should also be registered for defensive protection. For example, some companies just for trademark registration

Select a category VII metal cutting tools, but not related to the third category of registration polishing materials or eighth class manual grinding equipment, if its

competitors or others in related categories successfully registered the same trademark, one easy to market and consumers of confusion

, Two to their products in the future if the careless use of these associations in the field, may constitute infringement, but worth the candle.
Of course, in the abrasives industry companies do not necessarily have to produce their own products, but also do sales agents, or specialized processing services, and

that such enterprises how to protect their trademark rights do? According to the current Tenth Edition " of Goods

And services to the international classification "For such enterprises also have a special category for trademark protection. Class 35 classification table provides

major protection and export agents, for others to sell services to businesses or individuals, and the category can protect agents, dealers in providing a variety of

sales agents

Sales service process legitimate use of their shop signs and promote their own brand of service, etc.; classification fortieth main protection class of materials for

others a comprehensive treatment or processing services. That is, if you are an abrasive grinding processing enterprises, but also through

Processing services in that category registered trademarks to enjoy the exclusive right to the brand.
Trademark has been registered: remedies for rights through
Some companies may be worried that if our corporate trademark was registered by someone else, how can we do?
According to China's "Trademark Law" Article 30 provides: "For the preliminary approval of the trademark, since within three months from the date of notice, any person

may file an opposition." This is actually a kind of intellectual property remedies. If companies find their trademarks by others robbed

Application Note or someone with their own brand with similar trademarks in the trademark trial within three months from the date of notice to submit their objections

through the grounds and the corresponding evidence, to prevent the other party to obtain the exclusive right to the trademark. In case enterprises missed three months

notice

Period, you can also improperly registered trademark dispute or revoke way to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, but in this way the cost of rights and

the applicant's requirements are relatively high. For example: the controversy registered trademark applicant, the applicant must be considered prior to others in the

post-

Its trademark application for registration in the same or similar goods identical or similar to a registered trademark, earlier applicants can apply for registration

of the trade mark after the date of registration within five years, to the Trademark Review and Adjudication Board revoked.
In summary, the enterprise in order to fully protect their intellectual property, ease of use your own trademark, you must apply quickly and accurately registered,

total defense.

The current situation of abrasives industry and countermeasures

abrasive grinding machine tool industry is an important branch of industry, and its products are widely used in processing and manufacturing industries, and in recent years

involving applications continue to be expanded. Abrasives in large metallurgy, machinery, electronics, small to small dental grinding, female grinding wheel ,

Who used to trim the nail metallographic paper industries and fields in the applications. In recent years, has also been widely used in high-grade refractory

abrasives, engineering ceramics and high wear-resistant materials, automobile exhaust purifier and so on. In the international financial crisis situation, under the

influence of known processing system

Manufacturing industry, "teeth" said abrasive products also sparked waves of toothache. Tooth almost? Dental care almost? Undoubtedly, our abrasives industry is facing

a major change.

Technological innovation, increase investment

A competitive advantage business, its core competence is reflected in the constantly-leading proprietary technology and long-term accumulation of well-known brands.

According to market demand, bold technological innovation, constantly introducing new products, improving production technology, improve product technology and

Quality grade, technological transformation of existing industries in order to achieve product structure adjustment and industrial upgrading program. Our country is a

major exporter of abrasives products country, but exports especially abrasive products for the resources of primary products. The State of introduction of China's

manufacturing

Outside the production technology supporting abrasive products, but dominated by the imports.



Understand the situation, and actively respond to

Our country is the largest producer of abrasives, but mainly concentrated in the lower end of the market, compared with the international advanced level there is a

large gap, mainly in: 1, high-tech products can not meet the market demand, dependence on imports. Middle and low structural surplus generic products, making

A backlog of payment arrears and price wars; 2, industry-wide production capacity has reached a certain size, but the actual production capacity of more scattered,

small scale, poor economies of scale; 3, technological development capacity is weak, its own intellectual property products and technology less, there is no charge

Grip product development initiative; 4, less product variety, low-tech, manufacturing process data demonstrate the lack of rigorous testing can not maintain continuous

product quality and stability; 5, abrasives industry, domestic brand gold content is low, there are fewer international brands .

Currently, abrasives industry is facing decline in international demand and domestic policy adjustment challenges, the industry should assess the situation, a positive

response, speed up structural adjustment and transition.

Currently, the world economic downturn and financial crisis and other factors, the EU and the U.S. decline in demand for abrasives products. However, demand is not

declining demand was eliminated, but the financial crisis has reduced liquidity arising from the decline in trading volume, with increased mobility

Plus, fairs gradually restored. It should be said, in Europe and other developed countries, from equipment manufacturing to cosmetics, abrasives is widely used. From

years of the situation, superhard materials of synthetic diamond and CBN, with a rapid increase; while ordinary abrasive, using several

Volume is relatively stable, but profits will be gradually reduced. As the financial crisis, the U.S. and Europe are trying abrasives suppliers using a variety of ways

to reduce costs, lower prices, for example, to increase overseas cooperation to reduce costs, this will help abrasives products

Increased imports. While U.S. exports of high value-added products are mainly sol-gel products and superhard materials. A large number of R & D investment in Europe

many manufacturers of sophisticated products, occupying high ground, to obtain higher profits, profit margins and gradually give up a lot of middle and low production

. Europe's common abrasives production will be attempted through a variety of ways to lower-cost local production.

Abrasive

In the grinding process from the cutting action in hard material in general, mainly for the manufacture of abrasive. Abrasive is sharp, hard material, for grinding the

surface of softer material. There are natural and artificial abrasives abrasives abrasives two categories. Classification according to the hardness superhard abrasive

and general

Through extravagant abrasive two categories. A wide range of abrasive, from softer household detergents, precious hard abrasive material into the diamond. Each is a

precision abrasive product manufacturing essential materials. Many natural abrasives, has been replaced by artificial abrasives. In addition to the diamond outside

Natural abrasive properties are not very stable, but still has its value in use.
Abrasive - summary
Abrasive is sharp, hard material, for grinding the surface of softer material. There are natural and artificial abrasives abrasives abrasives two categories.

Classification according to the hardness and the general extravagant super abrasive abrasive two categories. A wide range of abrasive, from softer household

detergents, abrasives to gem

Diamond the hardest material. Each is a precision abrasive product manufacturing essential materials. Many natural abrasives, has been replaced by artificial

abrasives. In addition to diamonds, the natural abrasive properties are not very stable, but still has its value in use. Hardness Diamond is the most

High abrasive, origin in South Africa, accounting for 95% of world production, and the rest of Brazil, Australia, Guyana and Venezuela and other places. Industrial

diamonds ranging from white to black, crushed can be prepared by grinding wheel, abrasive, polishing and grinding powder.

Abrasives - Body
The grinding, lapping and polishing in the particulate material from the cutting action. Mainly for the manufacture of abrasive grinding tools, can be directly used in

certain grinding and polishing work.
Abrasive grinding should have the following basic properties: ① high hardness, should generally be higher than the material to be processed; ② appropriate strength, but also

a sharp cutting edge in the grain can withstand cutting forces without fragmentation, when cut to a certain grinding obtuse degree of partial fragmentation when

exposed new sharp edge;

③ high temperature stability, in the grinding temperature can maintain its inherent hardness and strength; ④ chemical inertness, and being easy to produce a chemical

reaction processing of materials. These properties and the chemical composition of the abrasive, mineral composition, crystal morphology and integrity of the crystal

and so on.
The thickness of the abrasive particles in said particle. Graded by sieving particles, the particle size is usually sieved through the sieve of the finest mesh

representation. If appropriate side through a 20-per-inch mesh screen and pass under the adjacent sieve One, known as the 20th granularity. Grain

Graduation is larger, finer particles. The abrasive particle size less than 63 microns is called powder, generally based on water or air classification sedimentation

method. Abrasive grains are usually composed of many of the "swarm" of products, each level of granularity to which the swarm particle size range of basic

That if the size number 28/20 powder, referring to the primary particle size of 28 to 20 microns. Thickness of the abrasive particle size, the surface quality of the

workpiece by grinding and processing efficiency are greatly affected. When the workpiece machining allowance, demanding to improve processing efficiency without

requiring high table

Surface quality, the choice of coarse granularity; contrary, should be used in relatively fine-grained.
A brief history of early Paleolithic people began using sand grinding bone tools. China in the 16th century BC on the use of natural abrasives polished bronze and

jade. In 1891, the United States EG Acheson made out of silicon carbide in an electric furnace, created the first artificial abrasives.

In 1897, the successful development of artificial corundum. In 1934, the advent of boron carbide abrasive. Before and after the 1950s, monocrystalline corundum,

microcrystalline corundum, chromium corundum and zirconium corundum and other products have appeared in the U.S.. Especially synthetic diamond and cubic boron nitride

manufacturing success, marking the mill

Material development has reached a new stage. The emergence of artificial abrasives, grinding technology to promote the development, but also expanded the scope of

application of the abrasive.
Kind commonly used abrasives are mostly hard non-metallic materials, there are natural and man-made two categories. (See pictures)
Abrasive
Natural abrasives ore through direct use of natural selection, crushing, grading, or other abrasive made after processing. There are natural emery, natural corundum,

natural garnet and diamond and so on. Table 1 describes the characteristics of this type of abrasive and main uses. Due to natural abrasives

Resources affected by natural conditions, it is difficult to artificially control, so compared with artificial abrasives has been relegated to a secondary position.
Abrasive
 
Abrasive
Artificial abrasive artificially refining or synthetic abrasives. Wider application of corundum, silicon carbide, boron carbide, synthetic diamond and cubic boron

nitride. Table 2 lists their main purpose. Diamond and cubic boron nitride is often called the super abrasive or hard

Material, and corundum, silicon carbide, then it is called ordinary abrasive. Additionally, in some grinding and polishing, as well as with the so-called "soft

abrasives," such as chromium oxide, iron oxide and cerium oxide. Artificial corundum and silicon carbide abrasive due to wear, corrosion, or in the optical,

electrical, thermal, etc.

Have different characteristics, in addition to used as an abrasive, there are many other uses, such as for advanced refractory, electric materials, high temperature

semiconductor materials and engineering structural materials.

Abrasives

Outline
Abrasives
Abrasives [1], is abrasive and abrasive collectively, including abrasive products and abrasive products. Known as dental abrasives industry reputation. Commonly used

in the grinding or abrasive abrasive grinding tool as the machining of parts to be machined to a certain technology to achieve the

Requirements.
Abrasive Category
Wherein the abrasive products are mainly divided abrasive corundum and silicon carbide abrasive two categories, specifically, there are basically the following:
1, corundum abrasive, the main component of Al2O3, with medium hardness, toughness, particle Fengrui, relatively inexpensive, suitable for machining high tensile

strength of the metal. Microcrystalline corundum abrasives and black corundum abrasives are its derived varieties.
2, white fused alumina abrasive, slightly higher than the hardness of corundum, but poor toughness, easy to cut into the workpiece during grinding, good self-

sharpening, less heat, grinding ability, high efficiency. Chromium corundum abrasive is its derived varieties.
3, single crystal corundum abrasive material particles are composed of a single crystal, and has a good polygonal cutting edge, high hardness and toughness, grinding

ability, less grinding heat, the disadvantage is the high cost of production, yield lower, so the price is relatively high. Corundum abrasives also

Is a crystalline compound, slightly lower hardness, crystal size is fine, good wear resistance.
  Monocrystalline corundum
4, black silicon carbide abrasive, green silicon carbide abrasive, abrasive cubic silicon carbide, silicon carbide abrasive cerium, etc., are silicon carbide abrasive,

the main ingredient is silicon carbide SiC, high hardness, brittleness, sharp abrasive grains, good thermal conductivity, strong wear resistance, more suitable for

processing hard and brittle

Metallic and non-metallic products.
Abrasives classification, development
Is for Abrasive grinding , grinding and polishing tools. Most of the abrasive is made of abrasive plus artificial abrasive binding agent, is also useful natural mineral

rock directly processed into natural abrasive. In addition to grinding and other metal processing machinery manufacturing industry has been widely used outside,

Also used in food processing, paper industry and the ceramics, glass, stone, plastic, rubber, wood and other non-metal materials processing.
Abrasive in use, when the blunt abrasive, because the abrasive agent or a combination of its own to break fracture, the abrasive grain from the partial or complete

loss, the working surface of the abrasive grinding emerging new cutting edge, constantly exposing new sharp or abrasive, so abrasive

In a certain period of time to maintain the cutting performance. This self-sharpening abrasive is abrasive tool compared with the general prominent feature.
As early as the Neolithic Age, humans had already started to process the application of natural stone knives, stone axes, bone, horn, and tools such as a tooth; 1872,

appeared in the United States with natural abrasives combined with clay firing ceramic grinding wheel; 1900, artificial abrasives

Advent of artificial abrasives manufactured using a variety of abrasive successively generated for the rapid development of grinding and grinding machines to create

the conditions. Since then, natural abrasive in the abrasive proportion gradually reduced.
Abrasives source of their raw materials, with natural and artificial abrasive abrasive categories. Commonly used in machinery industry is only natural abrasive

Whetstone. Artificial abrasive characteristics according to the basic shape and structure of the distinction between a grinding wheel, grinding, stone, sand tile (the

foregoing collectively referred abrasive) and coated abrasives

Five. In addition, it is customary also put abrasives abrasive as a class.
Bonded Abrasives are used by different abrasives can be divided into ordinary abrasive abrasive and superabrasive abrasive. The former corundum and silicon carbide and

other common abrasive, the latter with diamond and cubic boron nitride and other superhard abrasive material. In addition, there are some special varieties, such as

burning

Results corundum abrasive and so on.
By ordinary abrasive abrasive abrasive solid binding agent to form a certain shape common, and has a certain strength abrasive. Generally abrasive, binder and pore

structure, these three parts are frequently referred to as the three elements of abrasive.
Abrasive abrasive cutting action play. Binding agent is a solid form of the abrasive loose abrasive materials, with inorganic and organic types. Inorganic binder with

ceramic, magnesite, sodium silicate and the like; organic a resin, rubber and shellac. One of the most commonly used is a ceramic

, Resins and rubber binders.
Holes in the ground when debris from the role of the chip and the chip, and can accommodate coolant, helps grinding heat dissipation. To meet the requirements of

certain special processing, the pores can be impregnated with certain fillers such as sulfur and paraffin, so as to improve the abrasive performance. This

Kinds of fillers, also known as the fourth element of the abrasive.
Means a common abrasive abrasive characteristics of the project are: shape, size abrasive, grain size, hardness, organization, Velcro, adhesive and bonding agent.

Abrasive abrasive hardness refers to the external force from the abrasive surface of the shedding of degree of difficulty, which reflects the binding agent holding

abrasive

Intensity.
The hardness of the abrasive agent is added depends on the amount of binding and the density of abrasive, abrasive grains easily fall off indication low hardness; vice

versa, which means high hardness. Hardness level is generally divided into super-soft, soft, medium soft, medium, medium-hard, hard and superhard seven level from

these

Hierarchy can be further subdivided into a number of small magnitude. Abrasive hardness measurement methods are more commonly used hand cone, mechanical cone method,

Rockwell hardness measurement method and sandblasting assay.
The hardness of the abrasive and its dynamic modulus of elasticity has a corresponding relationship, which is conducive to the audio abrasive measured dynamic elastic

modulus of said abrasive tools. In the grinding process, if they are grinding workpiece material hardness, generally used in low hardness abrasive; contrary, the

choice of hard-

High abrasive.
Grinding of crude into tight, medium and loose categories. Each category can be further subdivided and number, with the numbers to differentiate between organizations.

Abrasives organization number greater share of the abrasive grinding smaller volume percentage, the wider the gap between the grains, which means that more loose

tissue. Conversely, tissue

The smaller the number the more tightly organized. Loose organization is not easy to use abrasive passivation less heat during grinding, the workpiece can reduce heat

deformation and burns. Tight organization abrasive grit easy to fall off, helps maintain the abrasive geometry. Abrasives organizations only

Manufacture of abrasive formulations are controlled by, generally do not make determination.
Edit this paragraph
Use

Grinding, polishing, grinding, cleaning, cutting, drilling.

Performance advantages and disadvantages of diamond cutting tool materials

Performance advantages and disadvantages of diamond cutting tool materials
TFD is deposited to a thickness of 1mm or more even a few mm thick non-diamond substrate, according to need and then

cut to the shape of thick pieces, then welded carbide formed composite blades or knives. TFD

Has good overall performance, it is not natural diamond anisotropy shortcomings, because no metal binding agent, low impurity content, purity close to 100%, the

hardness and thermal conductivity higher than that PCD (see Table 1), the friction factor smaller, better chemical stability, can be

Higher cutting speeds than the PCD cutting tools , but the toughness is slightly less than the PCD, because of the non-conductive, it can not be used for electrical

discharge machining (EDM) technology.
All kinds of diamond tools and carbide tools performance comparison


TFD has been trimmed in wood processing tools and the tool has been widely used. Abroad has been TFD product (such as the De Beers company DIAFILM brand). Although TFD

tools more expensive, but with the improvement of the manufacturing process, the future is expected to replace expensive TFD

And part of the natural diamond tools PCD tools. Table 2 shows the PCD, TFD and synthetic single crystal diamond three performance comparison.


Shows, PCD, TFD (CVD thick) and synthetic single crystal diamond on each of the three performance characteristics, to a certain extent, can complement each other

according to different specific conditions to be used and their cost.
How to choose the diamond tool materials
Currently, single crystal diamond, PCD (or PCD / CC), and were successfully used for CVD diamond turning, boring tools, drills, reamers, milling cutters, molding

knives and other cutting tools Cutting part of the production materials.
Varieties of diamond material must be based on the nature of the material being processed and processing requirements to select, in addition to meet the technical

requirements, but also to meet the economic and environmental performance requirements.
PCD and PCD / CC material
PCD and PCD / CC is the most commonly used in the production of diamond material, it applies not only usually machining fields, but also widely used in automobiles,

motorcycles, high-speed trains, petroleum, chemical, construction, wood processing, and aerospace and other industrial sectors. In the automotive and

Motorcycle field, PCD and PCD / CC for machining aluminum engine piston skirt, pin hole, cylinder block, transmission, carburetor and other wear parts. Most of these

components are relatively high silicon content (Si> 12%) of aluminum composite material of high hardness

Hard particles (such as high hardness of SiC-3000 ~ 3500HV) distributed in the alloy matrix, and if the abrasive wheel as the cutting edge of the tool be abrasion and

impact from the effect, leaving the cutting edge wear quickly. The higher the hardness of hard particles, the larger the size of particles,

The greater the number of particles, then the tool wear faster. Therefore, it is difficult using conventional machining of carbide cutting tools, tool life is very low

or impossible to use. Diamond is the world's hardest substance known, the actual use of proven, it is the processing of aluminum matrix composites

Best tool material.
With PCD diamond machining aluminum matrix composites, its cutting speed of up to 800 ~ 1000m/min, tool life is several times higher than the carbide or even several

times the surface roughness value of up to Ra 0.025 ~ 0.012μm. Shows the drilling process with 20% of PCD tools

SiCυ of aluminum matrix composite spiral pump casing application examples.


With PCD tool drilling process 20% SiCυ of aluminum matrix composites
With PCD (or PCD / CC) tooling carbon fiber and glass fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), the chip into a powder, cutting temperature is low, and the length of class K

carbide cutting tool 10 times, and not to hard wear carbide tool 1/3.

PCD (or PCD / CC) also applies to the processing tool after a burn-resistant carbide and non-metallic materials, such as ceramic, rubber, graphite, glass and various

wear-resistant timber.
PCD tool performance depends primarily on its application and the process involved, but the choice of the appropriate grade and particle size can also affect it.

Different varieties of PCD inserts, due to its composition of different cutting is very different, the election

Use should be noted.
Currently PCD inserts Carbide did not have a unified international classification, each has its own production plant varieties and grades, to be used to select the

reference sample manufacturers.
De Beers company produced 002,010 and 025 PCD inserts are several, average grain sizes are 2μm (fine grain), 10μm (in grain) and 25μm (coarse grain). The grain

size, the better the greater the wear, tool life, the higher the rough cutting edge

, Edge of poor quality, precision cutting tools made difficult; mechanical processing of grain generally used as generic brands; fine-grained tool cutting edge edge

edge radius is small, easy to process a good surface quality. Thus continue to refine the current grain polycrystalline, and have been very 1μm

To have 0.5μm or less fine-grained, to be based roughing and finishing processes, such as different requirements, use of different grain sizes.
Single crystal diamond tool materials
Single-crystal diamond and PCD (or PCD / CC) and PCD (or PCD / CC) and between CVD diamond can complement each other well, there are some cross-cutting applications.
Single crystal diamond cut surface of the continuous workpiece, and the workpiece with the PCD cutting surface showing discontinuity of microns, so PCD is only

suitable for general machining area, there are special requirements for some polishing process, prepared as Al2O3 mirror

Surface, only the use of natural diamond crystal to achieve the desired surface roughness and dimensional tolerances.
Natural diamonds are rare large size diamond, but the large size of synthetic diamond has now become possible. Its processing with high wear layered wood, its

performance is superior to PCD diamond cutting edge will not cause premature passivated. In the processing of aluminum matrix composites

When using the PCD can also be used TFD (CVD thick). Figure 3 shows two kinds of a PCD and diamond machining TFD 40% SiCυ A356MMC wear curves of the tool material.

Figure 3 using the cutting test conditions: cutting speed 400m/min, amount of feed

0.05mm / r, depth of cut (cutting depth) 0.5 mm, plus cutting fluid. According to experiments, processing 40% SiCυ matrix composites, using thick-film diamond TFD

best effect, PCD025 followed, PCD002 tool life minimum.


PCD and CVD diamond blade machining 40% SiCυ/A365 metal matrix composites with abrasive side cutting time curve.
Since the various diamond face in adapting to the complementary nature of processed diamond tool range has been expanded to replace synthetic diamond powder natural diamond,

CVD diamond substitute PCD diamond trends become apparent. Are thus cutting into a

Achieve efficient and economical processing of a new era, and its degree of substitution depends on both technical and economic factors, especially the blade forming,

grinding, and welding degree of difficulty will directly affect the price and performance of diamond tools.
Typically PCD tool for roughing and requires a higher fracture toughness tool production, CVD single crystal diamond tool thick and are used for high-speed finishing

and semi-finishing.

Preparation and application of diamond tool case

To expand a large diamond tool applications, developed diamond film coated tools. It is the use of the CVD method, the diamond crystal deposition in tungsten, cobalt

(Top K10) carbide or silicon nitride ceramic substrate. Can be synthesized thickness of less than 30 ~ 50μm thin film coating, or made into large

At 0.5mm thick film, directly as the Diamond blade is welded to the tool blank. It is a chemical vapor deposition method into holocrystalline pure polycrystalline diamond

material, the grain is a radical gap between the gap. It is generally attached to the substrate surface membranous, it is also often called diamond films

. Preparation of CVD diamond cost far less than large particles of high quality natural single crystal diamond, and surfaces can be a large area, it also has exactly

the same structure with the natural diamond. As a natural diamond, PCD and CVD diamond comparative data on the mechanical properties. Figure 1CVD Diamond

SEM images of stone membrane can be seen from Table 1, CVD diamond tool as compared with the PCD cutting tools, PCD cutting tools due to the cobalt metal binding

agent, making it more resistant to breakage, the PCD will reduce the hardness of cobalt, on the corrosion sensitivity ( especially processed plastics), cobalt at high

temperatures will accelerate the diamond

Transition to graphite, it is suitable for roughing and PCD tool cutting tool has a higher fracture toughness requirements of the occasion. CVD diamond metal bond

tools do purity close to 100%, the hardness, wear resistance and high thermal conductivity, mechanical properties of natural diamond PCD CVD comparison

Diamond HV hardness.

Natural diamond tool production

Currently, single crystal diamond, PCD (or PCD / CC), and were successfully used for CVD diamond turning, boring tools, drills, reamers, milling cutters, molding

knives and other cutting tools Cutting part of the production materials.
Varieties of diamond material must be based on the nature of the material being processed and processing requirements to select, in addition to meet the technical

requirements, but also to meet the economic and environmental performance requirements.
PCD and PCD / CC material
PCD and PCD / CC is the most commonly used in the production of diamond material, it applies not only usually machining fields, but also widely used in automobiles,

motorcycles, high-speed trains, petroleum, chemical, construction, wood processing, and aerospace and other industrial sectors. In the automotive and motorcycle

Car field, PCD and PCD / CC suitable for machining aluminum engine piston skirt, pin hole, cylinder blocks, transmission, carburetor and other wear parts. Most of

these components are relatively high silicon content (Si> 12%) of aluminum composite material of high hardness Hard

Particles (such as high hardness of SiC 3000 ~ 3500HV) distributed in the alloy matrix, and if the abrasive wheel as the cutting edge of the tool be abrasion and

impact from the effect of second-hand oil press, leaving the cutting edge wear quickly. The higher the hardness of hard particles, particles feet

Inch larger, the more the number of particles, the tool wear faster. Therefore, it is difficult using conventional machining of carbide cutting tools, tool life is

very low or impossible to use. Diamond is the world's hardest substance known, the actual use of proven, it is the re-processing of aluminum

The best tool material composite material.
With PCD diamond machining aluminum matrix composites, its cutting speed of up to 800 ~ 1000m/min, tool life is several times higher than the carbide or even several

times the surface roughness value of up Ra0.025 ~ 0.012μm. Figure 2 shows the drilling process with PCD tools 20% SiCυ

The aluminum matrix composite spiral pump casing application examples.
With PCD (or PCD / CC) tooling carbon fiber and glass fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), the chip into a powder, cutting temperature is low, and the length of class K

carbide cutting tool 10 times, and not to hard wear carbide tool 1/3.
PCD (or PCD / CC) also applies to the processing tool after a burn-resistant carbide and non-metallic materials, such as ceramic, rubber, graphite, glass and various

wear-resistant timber.
PCD tool performance depends primarily on its application and the process involved, but the choice of the appropriate grade and particle size can also affect it.

Different varieties of PCD inserts, due to its composition of different cutting is very different, the choice of subject

Attention.
Currently PCD inserts Carbide did not have a unified international classification, each has its own production plant varieties and grades, to be used to select the

reference sample manufacturers.
Grind grain size greater the better the tool life is higher, but the cutting edge is rough, poor quality Diamond blade , made of high-precision cutting tools is difficult;

mechanical processing of grain generally used as generic brands; fine-grained tool blunt edge of the cutting edge radius is small, easy processing of

Good surface quality. Thus continue to refine the current grain polycrystalline and even 0.5μm less than 1μm fine grain, to be based roughing and finishing

processes, such as different requirements, use of different grain sizes.

PCD tools with CVD diamond tool performance comparison

Polycrystalline CVD diamond due to its structure, can produce more than the actual natural diamond fracture toughness (resistance to fracture). This feature is in

intermittent cutting and grinding wheel dressing and other offensive machining proved very useful. Generally, CVD diamond mechanical prison

Similar to solid firmness of advanced ceramics.
Separate carefully designed and manufactured a sheet of CVD diamond fracture toughness, strength, and other key properties, can be improved for CNC rotating wheel

dressing, high speed or similar dry machining aluminum and metal matrix composite materials, high-performance cutting tools .
CVD diamond tool and PCD tool manufacturing methods similar to Diamond blade are brazed tungsten carbide or high speed steel body with cut corners, and then diamond

wheel grinding tools. Thick solid brazed diamond blade technology is developed in 1990s

, This technology addresses the need for metal cutting film, diamond coating bonded carbide inserts and cutter body selected problems. The diamond coating for

machining bonded carbide inserts with blade selection has been widely considered to be a cutting

Negative impact. Most stand-alone tool for cutting thick film CVD diamond material thickness of about 0.5mm. Relatively smooth, fine particles (about 1μm) nuclei

polished surface is generally used as the cutting tool rake face; the side surface of coarse particles (> 50μm) by the vacuum

Brazed tungsten carbide or high speed steel blade body.
Despite the strict control of the CVD process is vital, but ultimately decided edge quality and robustness of the tool or tool manufacturing. Most experienced

industrial manufacturers often use for PCD grinding wheel, and in order to meet the increased hardness of the CVD diamond material, they

Extend the grinding time.
PCD recipe with CVD diamond grinding wheel, in contrast to PCD tools, grinding a CVD diamond tool edge to more than 10 percent to 20 percent of the time. However,

extending blade grinding time, can make the tool manufacturer to obtain better surface roughness of PCD tool cutting edge. Since

CVD diamond is more resistant than the PCD, so a simple way to increase the feed amount of the grinding wheel will produce an excessive CVD diamond grinding force and

damage the cutting edge.
Thick CVD diamond grinding can produce a brazed side, mirror surface roughness (Ra <0.05μm) of the cutting insert. In contrast to the film CVD diamond coating, thick

blade of the unique properties of the workpiece can also produce an excellent surface roughness. Thick

CVD diamond film is selected in the tool is also provided the opportunity to replace the single-crystal diamond cutting tool.
Independent CVD diamond material makes it strong and abrasion resistance high alumina milling machining applications such as wide an excellent choice. CVD diamond tool

life when machining aluminum alloys are often commercial PCD tool life 1.55 times. The actual improvement depends on the specific

Aluminum, cutting tool design and manufacturing technology. CVD diamond tools are often used for turning pistons, aluminum wheels for cars and other high-silicon

aluminum finishing materials and metal matrix composite materials generally require machining intermittent cutting. Although the high concentration of sialic always

CVD diamond

The object of study, however, diamond blade cutting tool machining at low aluminosilicate materials are also increasingly common. High productivity machining or

finishing all require precise use of diamond tools. A car manufacturing company conducted a finish for aluminum parts, CVD diamond

PCD cutter blade stone only durable than 30% and throughout the life of the tool can be continuous processing of the required surface roughness.

How to choose the right diamond tool materials

Core Tip: diamond material tool is widely used in manufacturing. Describes the last decade of the rapidly developing diamond cutting tool material properties,

varieties, Bing materials for different types of diamond tool performance advantages and disadvantages, making a choice Diamond blade .

Recommendations.
Diamond is an allotrope of carbon, is the hardest substance known, its hardness up to 10,000 HV, is also currently the highest hardness of the tool material. In a

suitable processing conditions, compared to high-speed steel diamond tools, carbide, ceramics and polycrystalline Li

Fang boron nitride cutting tools last longer. With its processing of copper, aluminum and other non-ferrous metals and non-metallic materials resistant carbide cutting

speeds than an order of magnitude (such as milling aluminum cutting speed 3000 ~ 4000m/min, even up to high

7500m/min), life is a carbide cutting tools dozens or even hundreds of times. Diamond tools in the past mainly for finishing the last decade through improved

production processes, controlling the grain size and purity of raw materials, the use of composite materials and hot-pressing process, with its crisp there

Significant improvements, toughness, reliability improved significantly as a routine tool can already applied in production, to improve efficiency and ensure product

quality plays an important role.
High hardness and wear resistance of diamond cutting edges are very sharp blade roughness value is small, low friction coefficient, good anti-adhesion, high thermal

conductivity, easy to stick knives and cutting BUE, machined surface good quality. In the processing of non-ferrous metals, the surface roughness

Up to R0.10? 0.05μ m, precision up to IT5 (hole IT6) level and above, can effectively processing of non-ferrous metal materials and non-metallic materials, such as

copper, aluminum and other nonferrous metals and alloys, ceramics, unsintered carbide, a variety of fiber and particle reinforced composites

Materials, plastics, rubber, graphite, glass and various wear-resistant timber (especially solid wood and plywood, MDF and other composite materials).
Diamond drawback is poor toughness, thermal stability is low, and the iron group element in contact with a chemical reaction (4C +3 Fe → Fe3C4), at 700 ~ 800 ℃ when

carbonized (i.e., graphite), is generally not suitable for production of steel materials . Use it when cutting nickel-based alloys, the same will quickly

Wear. It is not generally recommended diamond tool machining refractory metals and alloys. In addition, diamond tool sharpening difficult and expensive. Table 1 lists

the diamond tool and cemented carbide tool performance comparison between the two.
Diamond tool materials species classification
Diamond tool material is divided into single-crystal diamond (there are two kinds of natural and man-made, natural single crystal diamond expensive part is single

crystal synthetic diamond substitute), synthetic polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and synthetic polycrystalline diamond and carbide composite blade (PCD / CC) and

CVD diamond.
How to choose the diamond tool materials.
Currently, single crystal diamond, PCD (or PCD / CC), and were successfully used for CVD diamond turning, boring tools, drills, reamers, milling cutters, molding

knives and other cutting tools Cutting part of the production materials. Variety of diamond material to be processed according to the nature of the material

And processing requirements to select, in addition to meet the technical requirements, but also to meet the economic and environmental performance requirements.

Diamond Tool

Composite tools both high wear resistance of the single crystal diamond cutter, edge quality, high precision, high hardness, high thermal conductivity and high

chemical stability and other characteristics and high toughness PCD composite tools, the crystal of the same sex, Size and shape ease of processing, etc.; avoid

PCD composite tools due to a combination of chemical agents Cobalt brings problems caused by poor thermal stability, hardness and wear resistance is much higher than

the PCD tool, close to single crystal diamond; while CVD diamond composite tools but also avoid the single-crystal diamond crystals Straight-sided cracking the case

brought by

Is to solve the single-crystal diamonds by size constraints, resources are Diamond blade scarce, expensive ideal substitute.
CVD diamond tools developed in foreign countries is very mature, not only in the field of many high-end finishing gradual replacement carbide cutting tools , ceramic

cutting tools PCD tool and has become a strong competitor; has become the most widely used CVD diamond fields. The development of space

Very large.

Knowledge of diamond tools

Users in the selection and use of diamond coated tool, you must learn about diamond cutting tools following sense:
(1) CVD diamond coated with amorphous diamond coating difference Diamond blade
Amorphous diamond (also called diamond-like carbon - Annotation) coatings are deposited using a PVD process carbon. It has a key part of the diamond SP3, SP2 also has

some carbon bond; their film hardness is high, but lower than the hardness of diamond film; thickness

Than we usually deposited diamond film to be thinner. Machining graphite, amorphous diamond coated tool life is uncoated carbide tools 2-3 times. In contrast, CVD

diamond deposition process is the use of a pure CVD diamond coating, machining of graphite

Carbide cutting tool life is 12-20 times, thereby reducing the number of tool changes to improve the reliability and accuracy of processing consistency.
(2) can not be hardened steel with diamond tooling
Diamond from carbon atoms. Certain materials when heated, sucked from the carbon atoms in diamond and carbide is formed in the workpiece. Iron is one such material.

Cutting tools with diamond iron group material, the friction generated heat causes diffusion of carbon atoms in diamond

To iron, resulting in diamond coatings due to chemical wear and premature failure.
(3) re-grinding and (or) heavy coating of diamond coated tools is difficult to guarantee the quality of the coating formed on the surface as the tool for the pure

diamond, so the tool with a diamond wheel for re-grinding takes a very long time. In addition, the growth of the diamond tool used. Preparation

Process will change the chemical properties of the tool surface, since the coating of this chemical properties requires very precise control, so the effect of the tool

recoating difficult to be guaranteed.
(4) diamond coated tool life varies
Like any other tool, diamond coated tool life varies, depending on the material to be cut, the choice of feed rate and cutting speed, and the geometry of the workpiece

and so on. Generally, diamond-coated graphite machining tool life is not coated

Carbide layer is 10 to 20 times, in some cases, may even be longer. This way, you can use a tool to complete almost any processing tasks without tool change due to

tool wear and to avoid disruption and recalibration process, making it possible to achieve unattended plus

Workers. The processing of the composite material, is entirely possible to obtain a longer tool life.
According to reports, in the processing of high-density glass fiber, carbon fiber and Gl0-FR4 other difficult machining composite materials, diamond-coated tool life

up to uncoated carbide tool 70 times.
(5) diamond coating spalling can prevent flaking coating of diamond-coated tools are a serious problem, but also a common problem (especially in the processing of

materials like carbon fiber), will lead to unpredictable tool life. The late 1990s, interfacial chemical properties

Is determined to affect the diamond coating adhesion important factor. By selecting good compatibility Carbide chemical characteristics, the use of appropriate

technology and reasonable pre-deposition reaction conditions, it is possible to reduce or eliminate the diamond coating flaking and stable real

Now smooth wear patterns. Observed under the microscope normal wear diamond coated tool, you can find the diamond was worn until stable carbide substrate, without

chipping or peeling.